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Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
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An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

A Piglet Model of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
10:30

A Piglet Model of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy

Published on: May 16, 2015

Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy--what can we learn from humans?

E J Dickey1, S N Long, R W Hunt

  • 1Neonatal Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia. emmajdickey@gmail.com

Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
|November 19, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) affects newborns and foals. This review explores human HIE research to inform foal HIE management strategies.

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The Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy Model of Perinatal Ischemia
08:47

The Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy Model of Perinatal Ischemia

Published on: November 19, 2008

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 27, 2026

A Piglet Model of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
10:30

A Piglet Model of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy

Published on: May 16, 2015

The Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy Model of Perinatal Ischemia
08:47

The Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy Model of Perinatal Ischemia

Published on: November 19, 2008

Area of Science:

  • Comparative medicine
  • Neonatal neurology
  • Veterinary neurology

Background:

  • Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a critical condition affecting both human newborns and foals.
  • Current HIE research predominantly focuses on human infants, with limited direct studies in foals.
  • Understanding of HIE in foals is largely extrapolated from human and animal models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current, relevant research on HIE in human infants.
  • To discuss the potential application of human HIE findings to the management of foals with HIE.
  • To bridge the knowledge gap in equine HIE research.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of recent human HIE studies.
  • Analysis of research findings applicable to neonatal encephalopathy.
  • Synthesis of information for potential veterinary application.

Main Results:

  • Extensive research exists on human HIE pathophysiology and treatment.
  • Potential therapeutic targets and management strategies identified in human studies.
  • Gaps in direct research on foal HIE were confirmed.

Conclusions:

  • Human HIE research offers valuable insights for equine neonatal care.
  • Translating human findings may improve outcomes for foals with HIE.
  • Further direct research on foal HIE is warranted.