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Related Concept Videos

Allergic Reactions02:06

Allergic Reactions

Overview
Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis01:30

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin, heparin),...
Allergic Drug Reactions01:27

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing numerous...
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Asthma-I: Introduction

Asthma is a chronic respiratory ailment that requires careful management due to its varying symptoms and influencing factors. It is characterized by airway inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and reversible airflow obstruction, leading to symptoms like wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. The symptom frequency and intensity may vary considerably over time. It is also linked to immune system responses to allergens and irritants, highlighting the complex...
Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...
Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Symptom Assessment of Patients with Allergic Rhinitis Using an Allergen Exposure Chamber
08:47

Symptom Assessment of Patients with Allergic Rhinitis Using an Allergen Exposure Chamber

Published on: March 3, 2023

Patch testing: what allergists should know.

J M L White1

  • 1St John's Institute of Dermatology, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK. jonathan.3.white@kcl.ac.uk

Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology
|November 19, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Patch testing diagnoses allergic contact dermatitis by applying allergens to the skin. Monitoring patch test results helps prevent type IV hypersensitivity reactions.

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Allergology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a type IV hypersensitivity reaction that clinically mimics eczema.
  • Common triggers for ACD include fragrance chemicals, hair dyes, metals, rubber accelerators, and preservatives.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the diagnostic process and interpretation of patch testing for type IV hypersensitivity.
  • To highlight challenges in differentiating allergic from irritant reactions.
  • To emphasize the role of trend monitoring in preventing ACD.

Main Methods:

  • Patch testing involves applying known allergens at specific concentrations to the upper back under occlusion for 48 hours.
  • Readings are performed according to international criteria on days 2 and 4.
  • Further tests like repeated open application testing or work-site visits may be needed to confirm relevance.

Main Results:

  • Patch testing is a standardized in vivo diagnostic method for ACD.
  • Distinguishing irritant reactions from allergic ones can be challenging.
  • Interpretation of patch test relevance may require additional clinical evaluation.

Conclusions:

  • Patch testing is crucial for diagnosing allergic contact dermatitis.
  • Careful interpretation and potential further testing are necessary to confirm diagnosis.
  • Monitoring trends in patch test positivity is effective for primary prevention of type IV allergy.