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Related Concept Videos

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.
Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then processed and...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Utilizing a Comprehensive Immunoprecipitation Enrichment System to Identify an Endogenous Post-translational Modification Profile for Target Proteins
08:12

Utilizing a Comprehensive Immunoprecipitation Enrichment System to Identify an Endogenous Post-translational Modification Profile for Target Proteins

Published on: January 8, 2018

Posttranslational modifications control FoxO3 activity during denervation.

Enrico Bertaggia1, Luisa Coletto, Marco Sandri

  • 1Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy.

American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology
|November 19, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Muscle wasting is controlled by Forkhead Box O (FoxO) transcription factors. Acetylation of FoxO3, particularly at lysine 262, reduces its activity and promotes degradation, potentially preventing excessive muscle loss.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 27, 2026

Utilizing a Comprehensive Immunoprecipitation Enrichment System to Identify an Endogenous Post-translational Modification Profile for Target Proteins
08:12

Utilizing a Comprehensive Immunoprecipitation Enrichment System to Identify an Endogenous Post-translational Modification Profile for Target Proteins

Published on: January 8, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Muscle atrophy, a common feature in diseases like cancer and heart failure, involves a transcriptional program regulated by atrophy-related genes.
  • The Forkhead Box O (FoxO) family of transcription factors is crucial for this atrophy program, controlling key enzymes in protein degradation pathways.
  • Fine-tuning FoxO activity is essential to prevent excessive proteolysis and cachexia, with mechanisms including acetylation and ubiquitination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of acetylation in modulating FoxO3 activity and its impact on muscle atrophy.
  • To identify specific lysine residues critical for FoxO3 regulation by acetylation.

Main Methods:

  • Generated FoxO3 mutants mimicking or preventing lysine acetylation.
  • Assessed transcriptional activity, subcellular localization, and degradation of FoxO3 and its mutants.
  • Investigated the interaction between FoxO3 and the histone acetyl-transferase p300.

Main Results:

  • FoxO3 acetylation, mediated by p300, leads to cytosolic relocalization and degradation via the proteasome system.
  • Acetylation mimics exhibited decreased transcriptional activity and cytosolic localization.
  • Lysine 262 was identified as a critical residue for FoxO3 translocation.

Conclusions:

  • FoxO3 activity is negatively regulated by acetylation and ubiquitination in a coordinated, time-dependent manner.
  • This regulatory mechanism is vital for preventing excessive muscle wasting.
  • Targeting FoxO3 acetylation presents a potential therapeutic strategy for muscle wasting conditions.