Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 27, 2026
Surgical Approach to Full Soft Tissue Face Allograft Procurement for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation
Published on: December 30, 2025
An update on facial transplantation cases performed between 2005 and 2010
1Cleveland, Ohio From the Dermatology and Plastic Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic.
Background:
Since 2005, 13 facial allotransplantation cases have been performed worldwide. The major indications for these facial allotransplantations were neurofibromatosis and trauma injuries, including animal bites, burns, falls, and shotgun blasts.
Methods:
An analysis of 13 facial transplantation cases was performed by reviewing the anatomical details, microsurgical techniques, and functional outcomes according to the follow-up information based on the literature, meeting presentations, and media reports.
Results:
The male-to-female ratio was 11:2. Two male patients died at 2 months and 2 years, respectively, after transplantation because of transplant- and infection-related problems. Eleven face transplant recipients are alive. The composite tissue allotransplants included cutaneous, myocutaneous, and osteomyocutaneous components. Most of these facial allotransplants were partial, one was nearly total, and two were announced as total face transplantations.
Conclusions:
This report provides a useful overview of the technical aspects of face transplantation; however, the reports on long-term functional and aesthetic outcomes will help to define the future of face transplantation.
