Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

The Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Imaging-guided classification and diagnostic pathways for appendiceal abscesses: Results from the 2025 Italian Society of Research in Surgery/Italian Society of Emergency and Trauma Surgery consensus conference.

Surgery·2026

Same author

A Compositional Calibration Framework for Multi-Channel Functional Electrical Stimulation Enabling Hand Gesture Generation.

Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same author

Inflammatory nodule after hyaluronic acid and hyaluronidase injection at ultra-high-frequency ultrasound.

Medical ultrasonography·2026

Same author

Appendiceal abscess: pathologic definitions and a diagnostic framework-SIRC/SICUT consensus.

International journal of colorectal disease·2026

Same author

Distinct miRNA expression profiles in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue of gastrointestinal cancer patients and their modulation based on adiposity level assessed by CT-scan.

European journal of internal medicine·2026

Same author

Contrast-Enhanced Mammography in Breast Cancer Follow-Up: Diagnostic Value in Suspected Recurrence.

Journal of imaging·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions

Published on: February 9, 2024

One in five subjects with normal thyroid ultrasonography has altered thyroid tests.

Pierpaolo Trimboli¹, Fabio Rossi, Francesca Thorel

¹Section of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Ospedale Israelitico of Rome, Rome, Italy. pierpaolo.trimboli@gmail.com

Endocrine Journal

|November 19, 2011

Summary

Thyroid ultrasound findings significantly predict thyroid function tests. Thyroid volume in healthy individuals correlates with age, weight, BMI, and body surface area, aiding in establishing normal size references.

More Related Videos

A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images

A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images

Published on: April 21, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 27, 2026

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions

Published on: February 9, 2024

A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images

A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images

Published on: April 21, 2023

Area of Science:

Endocrinology and Imaging

Background:

The relationship between thyroid ultrasonography, laboratory results, and thyroid volume with clinical parameters requires clarification.
Ultrasonography is a key tool for thyroid assessment, but its predictive value for thyroid function needs further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate how normal and hypoechoic-inhomogeneous thyroid ultrasonography findings predict thyroid function tests.
To assess the correlation between thyroid volume and clinical/anthropometric parameters in subjects without thyroid disease.

Main Methods:

A study involving 434 subjects, categorized by thyroid ultrasonography findings (normal or hypoechoic-inhomogeneous).
Thyroid function tests (free-T4, TSH, antibodies) and anthropometric measurements were collected.
Follow-up re-evaluation after one year for subjects with normal ultrasonography and abnormal tests.

Main Results:

Hypoechoic-inhomogeneous thyroids showed significantly higher rates of abnormal free-T4, TSH, and antibody levels compared to normal ultrasonography (p<0.001).
Normal ultrasonography correlated with normal thyroid tests in 81.1% of cases, versus 9.5% for hypoechoic-inhomogeneous thyroids.
In subjects with normal ultrasonography and tests, thyroid volume correlated with age, weight, BMI, and body surface area.

Conclusions:

Thyroid ultrasonography findings are significantly associated with thyroid laboratory test results.
Thyroid volume in disease-free individuals is influenced by anthropometric factors, suggesting these should be considered for normal reference ranges.