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Related Concept Videos

Hardy-Weinberg Principle01:49

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Diploid organisms have two alleles of each gene, one from each parent, in their somatic cells. Therefore, each individual contributes two alleles to the gene pool of the population. The gene pool of a population is the sum of every allele of all genes within that population and has some degree of variation. Genetic variation is typically expressed as a relative frequency, which is the percentage of the total population that has a given allele, genotype or phenotype.
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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
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Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I, duplicated...
Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift01:09

Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift

In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).

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Fixation probability in a two-locus model by the ancestral recombination-selection graph.

Sabin Lessard1, Amir R Kermany

  • 1Département de Mathématiques et de Statistique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada. lessards@dms.umontreal.ca

Genetics
|November 19, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Recombination increases the likelihood of beneficial mutations fixing in a population, even with epistasis. Conversely, it decreases the fixation probability of deleterious mutations, supporting Muller's ratchet.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary genetics
  • Population genetics
  • Mathematical biology

Background:

  • Understanding mutation fixation is key to evolutionary processes.
  • The interplay between recombination, epistasis, and selection is complex.
  • Previous models often simplified these interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analytically approximate the probability of ultimate fixation for a new mutant allele (A).
  • To investigate the influence of recombination rate on fixation probability under various epistasis scenarios.
  • To examine the fixation of beneficial and deleterious mutants in a large, finite population.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the ancestral influence graph (AIG) model.
  • Employed a two-locus, two-allele selection model.
  • Focused on the limit of large population size with analytic approximations.

Main Results:

  • Fixation probability of beneficial allele A increases with recombination, especially with positive epistasis or no epistasis when A is beneficial.
  • Confirms the Hill-Robertson effect: recombination aids beneficial mutant fixation under drift.
  • Fixation probability of deleterious mutants decreases with increasing recombination rate.

Conclusions:

  • Recombination generally favors the fixation of beneficial mutations across a range of epistasis.
  • The findings support Muller's ratchet for deleterious mutations in non-recombining populations.
  • The study provides a nuanced analytic understanding of recombination's role in evolution.