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Related Concept Videos

Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...
Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris group...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
Joints01:26

Joints

Joints, also called articulations or articular surfaces, are points at which ligaments or other tissues connect adjacent bones. Joints permit movement and stability, and can be classified based on their structure or function.
Structural joint classifications are based on the material that makes up the joint as well as whether or not the joint contains a space between the bones. Joints are structurally classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial.
Fibrous Joints Are Immovable
The bones of a...
Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle

The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders involve injuries and conditions affecting the skeletal muscles and associated connective tissues. These disorders can arise from acute biomechanical stresses or chronic overuse and can occur across different age groups. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, and muscular strains, often resulting from...
Introduction to Joints00:58

Introduction to Joints

The adult human body usually has 206 bones, and except for the hyoid bone in the neck, each bone is connected to at least one other bone. Joints are the location where bones come together. Many joints allow for movement between the bones. At these joints, the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones can move smoothly against each other. However, the bones of other joints may be joined by connective tissue or cartilage. These joints are designed for stability and provide little or no movement.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
06:09

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography

Published on: March 12, 2021

Intraarticular abnormalities in overhead athletes are variable.

Ashvin K Dewan1, Juan Garzon-Muvdi, Steve A Petersen

  • 1Division of Shoulder Surgery and the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224-2780, USA.

Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research
|November 19, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Overhead athletes experience varied shoulder issues. Arthroscopy revealed diverse abnormalities, with swimmers showing fewer issues than baseball players, suggesting sport influences injury type.

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Last Updated: May 27, 2026

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
06:09

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography

Published on: March 12, 2021

In Vivo Quantification of Hip Arthrokinematics during Dynamic Weight-bearing Activities using Dual Fluoroscopy
07:43

In Vivo Quantification of Hip Arthrokinematics during Dynamic Weight-bearing Activities using Dual Fluoroscopy

Published on: July 2, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Sports Medicine
  • Athletic Training

Background:

  • Shoulder pain and dysfunction are common in overhead athletes, with diverse causes.
  • Previous studies show a variety of arthroscopic lesions in these athletes, but sport-specific differences remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the range of arthroscopically visualized shoulder abnormalities in overhead athletes.
  • To investigate the relationship between sport type and these shoulder abnormalities, focusing on the posterosuperior glenohumeral joint and rotator cuff.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective case series of 51 professional and collegiate overhead athletes undergoing diagnostic shoulder arthroscopy (1996-2010).
  • Descriptive analysis of arthroscopic findings, including superior labrum, posterosuperior glenoid, and rotator cuff abnormalities.
  • Statistical analysis (ANOVA, Fisher's exact test) to compare findings across different sports.

Main Results:

  • A broad spectrum of intra-articular abnormalities was observed in the shoulder.
  • Posterosuperior glenohumeral joint changes were the most frequent abnormalities.
  • Swimmers presented with fewer intra-articular abnormalities compared to baseball players.

Conclusions:

  • Overhead athletes with shoulder pain requiring surgery exhibit a wide range of intra-articular abnormalities.
  • Further research is necessary to correlate specific athletic movements with particular abnormalities or combinations thereof.