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Menopause

Menopause

Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.

Cancer Prevention

Cancer Prevention

Several factors can increase the risk of cancer in an individual. About 50% of cancer cases can be prevented by adopting a healthy lifestyle, regular exercise, eating healthy, and following a modest cancer prevention diet. Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that populations with vegetable and fruit-rich diets have reduced the incidence of cancer. On the other hand, populations who have a diet rich in animal fat, red meat, junk food, or high calories are predisposed to cancer.
Some...

Hormonal Regulation

Hormonal Regulation

The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.

Hormonal Regulation

Hormonal Regulation

Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.

Proliferative Phase

Proliferative Phase

The proliferative phase typically occurs after menstruation and lasts between 6 to 13 days in a standard 28-day cycle. This phase involves the reconstruction of the endometrium, guided by estrogen produced by the developing ovarian follicle.
Notably, the stratum basale, the basal layer of the endometrium, including the basal parts of the uterine glands, remains unaffected by menstruation. Stem cells in this layer undergo mitosis, regenerating the stratum functionalis and thickening the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

Published on: August 13, 2019

Phytoestrogens in postmenopausal indications: A theoretical perspective.

P Sunita¹, S P Pattanayak

¹Government Pharmacy Institute, Ranchi - 834 009, Jharkhand, India.

Pharmacognosy Reviews

|November 19, 2011

Summary

Phytoestrogens, plant-derived compounds with estrogenic activity, offer benefits for postmenopausal health. Dietary intake of these compounds may help prevent cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, and hormone-related cancers.

Keywords:

Menopause menopausal indications phytoestrogen

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Screening for Phytoestrogens using a Cell-based Estrogen Receptor β Reporter Assay

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Published on: June 7, 2020

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Last Updated: May 27, 2026

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

Published on: August 13, 2019

Screening for Phytoestrogens using a Cell-based Estrogen Receptor β Reporter Assay

Screening for Phytoestrogens using a Cell-based Estrogen Receptor β Reporter Assay

Published on: June 7, 2020

Area of Science:

Nutritional Science
Endocrinology
Plant Biochemistry

Background:

Phytoestrogens are dietary, plant-derived diphenolic compounds exhibiting hormone-like activity.
Growing interest in vegetarian diets highlights the relevance of plant-based compounds.
These compounds possess weak estrogenic properties.

Purpose of the Study:

To review plant-derived compounds with estrogenic activity.
To emphasize the importance of dietary phytoestrogens for postmenopausal health.
To explore the potential role of phytoestrogens in preventing various health conditions.

Main Methods:

Literature review of scientific studies on phytoestrogens.
Analysis of research on the effects of plant-derived compounds.
Synthesis of information regarding dietary intake and health outcomes.

Main Results:

Phytoestrogens demonstrate positive effects on postmenopausal indications.
These compounds may aid in preventing cardiovascular diseases.
Potential benefits include managing menopausal symptoms, postmenopausal osteoporosis, and hormone-dependent cancers.

Conclusions:

Dietary intake of phytoestrogens is recommended for managing postmenopausal symptoms.
Phytoestrogens show promise in the prevention of estrogen-related conditions.
Further research supports the inclusion of phytoestrogen-rich foods in the diet.