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The Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

Goiter

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...

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Related Experiment Video

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Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy

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Lingual thyroid: A case report.

Bassem Amr¹, Sherif Monib

¹General Surgery Department, West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, UK.

International Journal of Surgery Case Reports

|November 19, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Lingual thyroid is a rare ectopic gland. This case study details a 5-year-old girl

Keywords:

Dysphagia Ectopic Thyroid gland

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Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Embryology
Surgical Case Reports

Background:

Lingual thyroid (LT) is a rare congenital anomaly resulting from the failure of the thyroid gland to descend during embryogenesis.
Ectopic thyroid tissue at the tongue base can cause symptoms like dysphagia, dysphonia, and airway obstruction.
The incidence of lingual thyroid is approximately 1 in 100,000, with a higher prevalence in females.

Purpose of the Study:

To present a case of a 5-year-old girl with lingual thyroid.
To discuss the diagnostic and management approaches for this rare condition.

Main Methods:

Case presentation of a 5-year-old female with symptomatic lingual thyroid.
Review of diagnostic investigations including thyroid function tests, ultrasound, and CT scans.
Description of treatment involving initial suppression therapy followed by surgical resection.

Main Results:

The patient presented with symptoms consistent with oropharyngeal obstruction.
Diagnostic workup confirmed the presence of a lingual thyroid.
Successful management was achieved through a combination of suppression and surgical intervention.

Conclusions:

Lingual thyroid is a rare developmental anomaly with significant clinical implications.
Dysphagia and dysphonia are common presenting symptoms requiring prompt diagnosis and management.
Surgical resection is a viable treatment option for symptomatic lingual thyroid cases.