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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Bacterial Virulence01:28

Regulation of Bacterial Virulence

Pathogenic bacteria employ a range of regulatory mechanisms to modulate the expression of virulence genes in response to environmental and host-derived signals. These mechanisms ensure that virulence factors are expressed only under favorable conditions, thereby optimizing infection and survival strategies.Mechanisms of Virulence RegulationKey regulatory strategies include:Two-Component Systems: These consist of a membrane-bound sensor kinase and a cytoplasmic response regulator. Environmental...
Bacterial Toxins01:12

Bacterial Toxins

Bacterial toxins are sophisticated virulence factors that enable pathogenic bacteria to interact with, invade, and damage host tissues. These toxins fall broadly into two types: protein exotoxins, which are secreted into the environment and target specific host receptors, and lipopolysaccharide endotoxins, which are structural components of the bacterial outer membrane released primarily during bacterial lysis or membrane shedding. Exotoxins generally act more selectively, binding to cell...
Global Regulatory Systems01:28

Global Regulatory Systems

Global regulatory systems in bacteria enable rapid and coordinated responses to environmental changes by integrating sensory inputs with gene expression, ensuring efficient adaptation to fluctuating conditions. Key global regulatory mechanisms include regulons, two-component systems, sigma factors, and secondary messengers.Regulons and Global RegulatorsA regulon is a collection of genes and operons controlled by a common global regulator. These regulators enable bacteria to prioritize resource...
Transduction01:16

Transduction

Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome are...
Gene Regulation in Microbial Communities: Quorum Sensing01:28

Gene Regulation in Microbial Communities: Quorum Sensing

Quorum sensing is a mechanism of bacterial communication that enables coordinated gene expression in response to changes in population density. This facilitates collective behaviors that enhance survival, resource acquisition, and ecological adaptation. This process relies on small signaling molecules called autoinducers that accumulate as bacterial populations grow. When a critical threshold concentration of autoinducers is reached, bacterial cells collectively modify gene expression,...
Colonisation of Pathogens01:25

Colonisation of Pathogens

Pathogen colonization of host tissues is a critical step in the development of infectious diseases. Various pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa, have evolved complex strategies to attach to, invade, and persist within host environments. These mechanisms enable pathogens to establish infections, evade immune responses, and resist antimicrobial treatments.Attachment to Host CellsIn bacteria, colonization typically begins with adherence to host epithelial...

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Updated: May 27, 2026

Unravelling the Function of a Bacterial Effector from a Non-cultivable Plant Pathogen Using a Yeast Two-hybrid Screen
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[Molecular recognition code between pathogenic bacterial TAL-effectors and host target genes: a review].

Yanqiang Li1, Chunlian Wang, Kaijun Zhao

  • 1Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.

Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao = Chinese Journal of Biotechnology
|November 22, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Transcription activator like (TAL) effectors from Xanthomonas bacteria target host plant DNA. Their unique binding mechanism offers potential for gene therapy and agricultural applications in disease resistance.

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DNA-affinity-purified Chip (DAP-chip) Method to Determine Gene Targets for Bacterial Two component Regulatory Systems
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Unravelling the Function of a Bacterial Effector from a Non-cultivable Plant Pathogen Using a Yeast Two-hybrid Screen
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Identification of Host Pathways Targeted by Bacterial Effector Proteins using Yeast Toxicity and Suppressor Screens
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DNA-affinity-purified Chip (DAP-chip) Method to Determine Gene Targets for Bacterial Two component Regulatory Systems
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DNA-affinity-purified Chip (DAP-chip) Method to Determine Gene Targets for Bacterial Two component Regulatory Systems

Published on: July 21, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Plant Pathology
  • Genetics

Context:

  • Transcription activator like (TAL) effectors are virulence factors secreted by Xanthomonas bacteria.
  • These effectors manipulate host plants, causing disease or triggering resistance responses.
  • TAL effectors exhibit a unique DNA-binding mechanism where two amino acids recognize a single nucleotide.

Purpose:

  • To review the functions and binding specificities of TAL effectors.
  • To explore the molecular recognition code governing TAL effector-DNA interactions.
  • To discuss the potential applications of this code in gene therapy and agriculture.

Summary:

  • TAL effectors bind specific DNA sequences in host plants through a novel two-amino-acid, one-nucleotide recognition code.
  • This precise molecular recognition enables manipulation of host susceptibility and resistance genes.
  • Multiple TAL effectors can be engineered to induce broad-spectrum disease resistance.

Impact:

  • Understanding TAL effector binding mechanisms can advance gene therapy through homologous recombination and site-specific mutations.
  • Exploiting the TAL effector recognition code has significant implications for agricultural engineering, particularly in developing disease-resistant crops.
  • Further research into protein-DNA interactions will benefit biomedical and agricultural engineering fields.