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Related Concept Videos

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Pharmaceutical Parameters01:28

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Pharmaceutical Parameters

Solid dosage forms such as tablets and capsules undergo rigorous manufacturing processes to ensure stability and effectiveness. Their dissolution and absorption properties are influenced significantly by the choice of excipients (inactive ingredients that serve various roles in the formulation), and the methodology applied during production. The manufacturing parameters, such as compression force and granulation techniques, significantly affect dissolution rates. Elevated compression forces...
Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area01:23

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area

Dissolution kinetics, an essential aspect of oral drug delivery, is significantly influenced by the drug's particle size. According to the Noyes-Whitney dissolution model, the dissolution rate correlates directly with the drug's surface area. The larger the surface area, the higher the drug's solubility in water, leading to a faster drug dissolution rate. Reducing particle size increases the effective surface area, enhancing the dissolution process. Micronization and nanosizing are employed to...
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Rate-Programmed II01:19

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Rate-Programmed II

Rate-programmed drug delivery systems release drugs in a controlled manner to maintain therapeutic levels. Three main designs include reservoir, matrix, and hybrid systems.Reservoir systems consist of a drug core enclosed within a membrane that controls drug release. In non-swelling reservoir systems, polymers like ethyl cellulose or polymethacrylates are used. These do not hydrate in aqueous media and control release through membrane thickness, porosity, or insolubility. This type includes...
Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Polymorphic Form-Related and Particle Size-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence01:27

Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Polymorphic Form-Related and Particle Size-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence

Changes in polymorphic forms can significantly influence the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Although the FDA defines pharmaceutical equivalence based on having the same active ingredient, dosage form, and route of administration, it does not automatically disqualify products with different polymorphic forms. This means two products with different polymorphs can still be deemed pharmaceutically equivalent. However, polymorphic differences can affect properties like wettability,...
Formulation and Manufacturing Process: Physical Attributes of Generic Tablets and Capsules01:18

Formulation and Manufacturing Process: Physical Attributes of Generic Tablets and Capsules

Bioequivalence in generic drugs, such as tablets and capsules, refers to their pharmaceutical equivalence to the brand-name counterparts. However, for therapeutic equivalence, manufacturers must also consider physical attributes like size, shape, and weight (FDA Guidance for Industry, December 2003). Discrepancies in these aspects could impact patient compliance and cause medication errors. For instance, swallowing difficulties, often experienced with larger tablets or capsules, can lead to...
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Rate-Programmed I01:22

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Rate-Programmed I

Rate-programmed drug delivery systems (DDS) are designed to release drugs at specific, controlled rates to maintain consistent therapeutic levels. These systems are categorized based on their release mechanisms, including dissolution-controlled DDS, diffusion-controlled DDS, and combined dissolution-diffusion-controlled DDS.In dissolution-controlled DDS, the release rate depends on the slow dissolution of the drug itself or the surrounding matrix. Drugs with inherently slow dissolution rates,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

PLGA Nanoparticles Formed by Single- or Double-emulsion with Vitamin E-TPGS
12:48

PLGA Nanoparticles Formed by Single- or Double-emulsion with Vitamin E-TPGS

Published on: December 27, 2013

Spray granulation for drug formulation.

Zhi Hui Loh1, Dawn Z L Er, Lai Wah Chan

  • 1National University of Singapore, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, Block S4, 18 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore.

Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery
|November 22, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Fluidized bed granulation is an efficient pharmaceutical manufacturing process. Advances in process analytical technology (PAT) enhance control and understanding, paving the way for continuous production.

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Formulation of Diblock Polymeric Nanoparticles through Nanoprecipitation Technique
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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Granulation is crucial for pharmaceutical solid dosage forms, involving particle agglomeration with binding agents.
  • Fluidized bed granulation, a spray granulation technique, fluidizes powder particles with air for agglomeration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the principles, equipment, and variables of fluidized bed granulation.
  • To discuss technological advancements, including process analytical tools (PAT).

Main Methods:

  • Introduction to basic working principles and equipment setup.
  • Overview of formulation and process variables impacting granulation.
  • Discussion of technological advances and PAT applications.

Main Results:

  • Fluidized bed granulation is economical and efficient for pharmaceutical production.
  • PAT enables improved process understanding and control, even for specialized techniques.
  • Consistent mixing and concurrent wetting/drying support continuous processing.

Conclusions:

  • Fluidized bed granulation is a popular, efficient pharmaceutical production method.
  • PAT integration enhances control for techniques like bottom spray and hot melt granulation.
  • Potential for continuous production exists, but further research on PAT implementation is needed.