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Related Concept Videos

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or playing an...
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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
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Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Brain Imaging01:14

Brain Imaging

Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
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Role of Neurotransmitters in Memory01:23

Role of Neurotransmitters in Memory

Neurotransmitters are integral to the brain's communication system, enabling neurons to transmit signals across synapses. This chemical exchange underpins various cognitive functions, including memory processes. The role of neurotransmitters in memory is multifaceted, influencing the encoding, consolidation, and retrieval of memories through their action on different neural circuits.
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Storage01:23

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A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze each...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) for Memory Enhancement
10:37

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) for Memory Enhancement

Published on: September 18, 2021

Explaining how brain stimulation can evoke memories.

Joshua Jacobs1, Bradley Lega, Christopher Anderson

  • 1Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Joshua.Jacobs@drexel.edu

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
|November 22, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electrical brain stimulation in the temporal neocortex can trigger memory recall. This study found that stimulating specific neurons recreated neural patterns, evoking high school memories in a patient.

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Published on: October 22, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Neurosurgery

Background:

  • Electrical stimulation of the temporal neocortex is known to induce memory retrieval in neurosurgical patients.
  • The precise neural mechanisms underlying stimulation-induced memory retrieval remain largely unexplained.

Observation:

  • A patient undergoing neurosurgery reliably recalled high school (HS) memories when a specific site in the left temporal lobe was stimulated.
  • Brain activity was probed during a memory task involving HS and non-HS topics post-stimulation.

Findings:

  • At the stimulation site, recalling HS information elicited a distinct neural activity pattern compared to recalling non-HS information.
  • This suggests a localized neural cluster representing the "high school-ness" of cognitive states.
  • Stimulation likely evoked HS memories by mimicking the brain's natural neural patterns for HS memory retrieval.

Implications:

  • Brain stimulation can evoke specific memories by recreating associated neural activity patterns.
  • This research offers insights into the neural basis of memory and the potential of targeted brain stimulation for memory manipulation.
  • Findings contribute to understanding how the brain encodes and retrieves autobiographical memories.