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Related Concept Videos

Cancer Prevention02:59

Cancer Prevention

Several factors can increase the risk of cancer in an individual. About 50% of cancer cases can be prevented by adopting a healthy lifestyle, regular exercise, eating healthy, and following a modest cancer prevention diet. Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that populations with vegetable and fruit-rich diets have reduced the incidence of cancer. On the other hand, populations who have a diet rich in animal fat, red meat, junk food, or high calories are predisposed to cancer.
Some...
Cancer Prevention02:59

Cancer Prevention

Several factors can increase the risk of cancer in an individual. About 50% of cancer cases can be prevented by adopting a healthy lifestyle, regular exercise, eating healthy, and following a modest cancer prevention diet. Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that populations with vegetable and fruit-rich diets have reduced the incidence of cancer. On the other hand, populations who have a diet rich in animal fat, red meat, junk food, or high calories are predisposed to cancer.
Some...
The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
What is Cancer?02:12

What is Cancer?

Cells and tissues must meticulously coordinate their activities for the normal functioning of the human body. Therefore, they exhibit socially responsible behavior - resting, growing, dividing, differentiating, or dying - for the organism’s benefit. Cancer arises when cells divide uncontrollably and invade other tissues or organs.
Although people have known about cancer for centuries, it was only in 1761 that Giovanni Morgagni of Padua performed a detailed autopsy of patients who died from...
What is Cancer?02:12

What is Cancer?

Cells and tissues must meticulously coordinate their activities for the normal functioning of the human body. Therefore, they exhibit socially responsible behavior - resting, growing, dividing, differentiating, or dying - for the organism’s benefit. Cancer arises when cells divide uncontrollably and invade other tissues or organs.
Although people have known about cancer for centuries, it was only in 1761 that Giovanni Morgagni of Padua performed a detailed autopsy of patients who died from...

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Updated: May 27, 2026

A Mimic of the Tumor Microenvironment: A Simple Method for Generating Enriched Cell Populations and Investigating Intercellular Communication
09:52

A Mimic of the Tumor Microenvironment: A Simple Method for Generating Enriched Cell Populations and Investigating Intercellular Communication

Published on: September 20, 2016

Cancer and environment: definitions and misconceptions.

Laura A McGuinn1, Armen A Ghazarian, Gary L Ellison

  • 1Epidemiology and Genomics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Environmental Research
|November 22, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Estimates for cancer risk from environmental factors vary widely due to inconsistent definitions of "environment." This review highlights the need for transparent reporting of environmental risks rather than a single definition.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Cancer Epidemiology
  • Risk Assessment

Background:

  • Scientific evidence links environmental exposures to cancer.
  • Estimating the proportion of cancers attributable to environmental factors is challenging.
  • Varying definitions of
  • environment
  • contribute to this challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze changes in the definition of
  • environment
  • and reporting of environmentally attributable cancer risks over 50 years.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search (1960-2010) in major databases.
  • Extraction of definitions of
  • environment
  • and attributable risk estimates from relevant publications.

Main Results:

  • 261 publications were reviewed.
  • Definitions of
  • environment
  • varied broadly (lifestyle, pollutants) to narrowly (air, water, soil).
  • Environmentally attributable cancer risk estimates ranged from 1% to 100%.

Conclusions:

  • Significant discrepancies exist in reporting environmental causes of cancer.
  • Interpreting environmentally attributable risk estimates is limited by definitional inconsistencies.
  • Transparency in reporting environmental risks is recommended over achieving a single definition.