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Updated: May 27, 2026
Single-port Non-liposuction Endoscopic Axillary Lymph Node Dissection in Breast Cancer Surgery
Published on: April 3, 2026
Distribution of axillary lymph node metastases in different levels and groups in breast cancer, a pathological study
Medhat Khafagy1, Ahmed Mostafa, Ibrahim Fakhr
1Department of Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
Background:
It was observed during dissection of heavy deposits of axillary lymph nodes (LNs) in breast cancer that there were grossly positive LNs outside the confines of classical axillary dissection.
Aim Of Study:
To know the extent of LN metastases in these new basins by dissecting and labeling them separately, for pathological examination and proper staging of those patients.
Patients And Methods:
From 2005 to 2009, 59 private patients with breast cancer who had positive axillary LNs were subjected to axillary dissection with accurate leveling according to its relation to pectoralis minor. In addition to the classical three levels, the brachial, thoracoacromial, humeral, scapular and Rotter's lymph nodes were dissected.
Results:
Levels I, II and III axillary LNs were involved in 91.5%, 62.7%, and 52.5%, respectively. Skip metastases (without the involvement of level one) were found in 5/59 patients (8.4%). Brachial, acromiothoracic, humeral and Rotter's LNs were involved in 10.1%, 15.2%, 5% and 1.7%, respectively, with no metastatic deposits encountered in scapular LNs. In our patients, lymphedema of the ipsilateral upper limb was nearly of the same incidence as after classical axillary dissection.
Conclusion:
In addition to the classic complete axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) indicated in patients with breast cancer with axillary LNs metastases, dissection of the brachial, acromiothoracic, humeral, Rotter's and scapular LNs, is recommended for proper staging.
