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Related Concept Videos

Urea Cycle01:23

Urea Cycle

The urea cycle describes how liver cells convert ammonia to urea. Ammonia is a toxic waste product of protein catabolism. Land animals must convert ammonia into the less toxic urea which can be safely eliminated by the kidneys through urine. Marine animals excrete ammonia directly, and the surrounding water dilutes the ammonia to safe levels.
Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines01:30

Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines

Alkylation is one of the methods used to prepare amines. Direct alkylation of ammonia or a primary amine with an alkyl halide gives polyalkylated amines along with a quaternary ammonium salt through successive SN2 reactions. This process of making the quaternary salt through the direct alkylation method is called exhaustive alkylation.
Each alkylation step makes the nitrogen center more nucleophilic, which triggers successive alkylations until a quaternary ammonium salt is formed. Considering...
Serum Studies: Renal Function Tests01:24

Serum Studies: Renal Function Tests

Renal function tests are crucial for assessing kidney health, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating the kidneys' efficiency in waste elimination, fluid balance, and electrolyte regulation. These tests offer critical insights into kidney function, even though routine measurements may appear normal until there is a significant decline in the glomerular filtration rate or GFR. Typically, signs of kidney impairment only become evident when the GFR falls to about 50% of its normal level.
Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis01:28

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
Strong bases like NaOH or KOH deprotonate the phthalimide to form the corresponding anion, which acts as a nucleophile. Further, the anion attacks an...
Titration of a Weak Base with a Strong Acid01:20

Titration of a Weak Base with a Strong Acid

The titration curve of a weak base like ammonia with a strong acid like hydrochloric acid is the mirror image of the titration curve of a weak acid with a strong base.
Using the ICE table and substituting the Kb value, we calculate the initial pH of 50 mL of 0.1 M ammonia to be 11.11. Addition of 25 mL of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid to this solution of ammonia results in a buffer with an equal concentration of ammonia and ammonium ions. The pH of this buffer can be calculated by substituting these...
2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Fast and Accurate Exhaled Breath Ammonia Measurement
06:27

Fast and Accurate Exhaled Breath Ammonia Measurement

Published on: June 11, 2014

How to use serum ammonia.

Alexander Broomfield1, Stephanie Grunewald

  • 1Metabolic Medicine Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children with UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK. Brooma@gosh.nhs.uk

Archives of Disease in Childhood. Education and Practice Edition
|November 22, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Hyperammonaemia, an indicator of metabolic disorders, is often underutilized due to sample handling errors and unclear significance levels. This guide helps non-specialists appropriately test for and interpret high ammonia levels in the blood.

Area of Science:

  • Clinical Biochemistry
  • Metabolic Medicine
  • Diagnostic Testing

Background:

  • Hyperammonaemia is a critical marker for metabolic pathway dysfunction.
  • Inconsistent sample handling and interpretation challenges can limit the diagnostic value of ammonia testing.
  • Non-specialists may lack the specific expertise for accurate hyperammonaemia assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To guide non-metabolic specialists on the appropriate investigation of hyperammonaemia.
  • To highlight common pitfalls in the diagnostic process for elevated ammonia levels.
  • To assist clinicians in the accurate interpretation of hyperammonaemia test results.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current clinical guidelines and best practices for ammonia testing.
  • Discussion of pre-analytical factors affecting ammonia sample integrity.

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Preparation of Hydrophobic Metal-Organic Frameworks via Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition of Perfluoroalkanes for the Removal of Ammonia
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Preparation of Hydrophobic Metal-Organic Frameworks via Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition of Perfluoroalkanes for the Removal of Ammonia

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Last Updated: May 27, 2026

Fast and Accurate Exhaled Breath Ammonia Measurement
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  • Analysis of interpretative criteria for diagnosing hyperammonaemia.

    • Main Results:

    • Clear criteria for initiating hyperammonaemia investigations are presented.
    • Common sample collection and handling errors are identified.
    • Guidance on interpreting ammonia levels in various clinical contexts is provided.

    Conclusions:

    • Standardized protocols for sample handling are crucial for reliable hyperammonaemia testing.
    • Understanding investigatory pitfalls enhances diagnostic accuracy.
    • Proper interpretation aids in timely diagnosis and management of metabolic disorders.