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Shearing Stress

Shearing Stress

Shearing stress, denoted by the Greek letter tau (τ), is stress caused by forces acting transversely on an object. These forces create internal ones within the entity in the plane where the external forces are applied. The resultant of these internal forces is the shear in the section.
The average shearing stress can be calculated by dividing the shear by the area of the cross-section.

Shearing Strain

Shearing Strain

The shearing strain represents a cubic element's angular change when subjected to shearing stress. This type of stress can transform a cube into an oblique parallelepiped without influencing normal strains. The cubic element experiences a significant transformation when exposed solely to shearing stress. Its shape alters from a perfect cube into a rhomboid, clearly demonstrating the effect of shearing strain. The degree of this strain is considered positive if it reduces the angle between the...

Elastic Strain Energy for Shearing Stresses

Elastic Strain Energy for Shearing Stresses

As discussed in previous lessons, strain energy in a material is the energy stored when it is elastically deformed, a concept crucial in materials science and mechanical engineering. This energy results from the internal work done against the cohesive forces within the material. When a material undergoes shearing stress and corresponding shearing strain, the strain energy density, which is the energy stored per unit volume, is calculated. Within the elastic limit, where the stress is...

Cell-matrix's Response to Mechanical Forces

Cell-matrix's Response to Mechanical Forces

In animal cells, the extracellular matrix allows cells within tissues to withstand external stresses and transmits signals from the outside of the cell to the inside. The extracellular matrix is extensive, and its composition varies between different types of tissues. For example, the reticular fibers and ground substance make up the ECM in loose connective tissue, while collagen and bone minerals make up the ECM of bone tissue.
Anchoring junctions mechanically attach a cell to the...

Stress: General Loading Conditions

Stress: General Loading Conditions

To grasp the intricacy of real-world conditions where multiple loads are applied simultaneously to a structure, one might visualize a section passing through a specific point within a body, aligned parallel to the xy plane. This section is subjected to various forces, including original loads, normal forces, and shearing forces.
The shearing force, possessing potential directionality within the plane of the section, is simplified into two component forces running parallel to the x and y axes.

Problem Solving on Stress and Strain

Problem Solving on Stress and Strain

Stress is a quantity that describes the magnitude of a force that causes deformation, generally defined as internal force per unit area. When forces pull on an object and cause its elongation, like the stretching of an elastic band, it is called tensile stress. When forces cause the compression of an object, it is known as compressive stress. When an object is being squeezed uniformly from all sides, like a submarine in the depths of the ocean, we call this kind of stress bulk stress (or volume...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

On-Chip Endothelial Inflammatory Phenotyping

On-Chip Endothelial Inflammatory Phenotyping

Published on: July 21, 2012

In vivo shear stress response.

Stuart Egginton¹

¹Angiogenesis Research Group, Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. s.egginton@bham.ac.uk

Biochemical Society Transactions

|November 23, 2011

Summary

Endothelial cells sense shear stress for circulatory health, but disease links and sensing mechanisms remain unclear. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and nitric oxide are key in microcirculation remodeling.

Area of Science:

Cardiovascular Biology
Mechanobiology
Physiology

Background:

Endothelial cell (EC) responses to vascular shear stress are vital for circulatory homeostasis.
Abnormal EC responses to shear stress are linked to vascular diseases like hypertension and atherosclerosis.
The molecular mechanisms of shear stress mechanotransduction and sensing in ECs are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the molecular basis of endothelial cell mechanotransduction in response to shear stress.
To investigate the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and nitric oxide in microcirculation remodeling under varying shear stress conditions.
To understand the dynamics of angiogenesis and capillary regression in vivo.

Main Methods:

In vitro studies of ECs subjected to high shear stress.

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The Assembly and Application of 'Shear Rings': A Novel Endothelial Model for Orbital, Unidirectional and Periodic Fluid Flow and Shear Stress

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Investigating flow-dependent nitric oxide release.

Observing angiogenesis and capillary regression in vivo.

Main Results:

High shear stress alters EC morphology, function, and gene expression in vitro.
VEGF and nitric oxide signaling are involved in skeletal muscle microcirculation remodeling.
Angiogenesis in vivo is a graded phenomenon, and capillary regression can be rapid upon stimulus withdrawal.
Combinations of angiogenic stimuli do not appear to be additive.

Conclusions:

Understanding EC shear stress responses is crucial for vascular health and disease treatment.
VEGF and nitric oxide pathways are important regulators of microcirculation.
Therapeutic strategies targeting growth factor receptor levels may be viable.
Angiogenesis regulation is complex, with rapid regression observed.
Further research is needed to elucidate in vivo mechanotransduction mechanisms.