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Related Concept Videos

Microvilli00:55

Microvilli

Microvilli are tiny finger-like projections found on the surface of certain cells. Their purpose is to increase the surface area of the cell's apical surface, resulting in more effective absorption or secretion of substances.
These microvilli are predominantly present in cells lining the small intestine, kidney tubules, and certain cells in the respiratory and reproductive systems. By significantly expanding the surface area of the cell membrane, microvilli enhance the cell's capacity to...
What are Membranes?01:24

What are Membranes?

A cell's plasma membrane demarcates the cell's borders and determines the nature of its interaction with the environment. Cells exclude certain substances, take in others, and excrete some others in controlled quantities. The plasma membrane must be flexible to allow certain cells, such as red and white blood cells, to change their shape while passing through narrow capillaries. These are the more obvious plasma membrane functions. In addition, the plasma membrane's surface carries markers that...
Epithelial Tissues and Their Functions01:23

Epithelial Tissues and Their Functions

Epithelial tissues are large sheets of cells covering all of the surfaces of the body. These surfaces can be internal or external, for example, skin, airways, the digestive tract, the urinary system, and the reproductive system. Hollow organs and body cavities that do not connect to the body's exterior, including blood vessels and serous membranes, are lined by epithelial tissue known as the endothelium.
Epithelial tissues provide the body's first line of protection from physical, chemical, and...
Protein-protein Interfaces02:04

Protein-protein Interfaces

Many proteins form complexes to carry out their functions, making protein-protein interactions (PPIs) essential for an organism's survival. Most PPIs are stabilized by numerous weak noncovalent chemical forces. The physical shape of the interfaces determines the way two proteins interact. Many globular proteins have closely-matching shapes on their surfaces, which form a large number of weak bonds. Additionally, many PPIs occur between two helices or between a surface cleft and a polypeptide...
Surface Membrane Barriers01:18

Surface Membrane Barriers

The skin and mucous membranes serve as the primary line of defense against pathogens by providing both physical and chemical protection. These barriers are essential in preventing the entry and establishment of microbes, thereby maintaining the integrity of the host.
The outer layer of the skin, the epidermis, is a robust barrier comprising layers of closely packed keratinized cells. This dense arrangement prevents microbes from penetrating the body. The periodic shedding of epidermal cells...
Types of Membrane Protrusions01:28

Types of Membrane Protrusions

The protrusion of the cell surface is an initial step for several cellular processes, including cell migration, phagocytosis, and neurite outgrowth. These membrane protrusions are a result of cytoskeletal rearrangement. The most  widely observed cell protrusions include lamellipodia, pseudopodia, filopodia, microvilli, invadopodia, and podosomes. These protrusions can be of two types — static or dynamic.
The microvilli, an example of stable protrusions, are finger-like projections with a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Peptide-based Identification of Functional Motifs and their Binding Partners
14:28

Peptide-based Identification of Functional Motifs and their Binding Partners

Published on: June 30, 2013

Nef surfaces: where to interfere with function.

Sebastian Lulf1, Florian A Horenkamp, Sebastian Breuer

  • 1Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Physical Biochemistry, Germany.

Current HIV Research
|November 23, 2011
PubMed
Summary

The HIV-1 Nef protein, crucial for AIDS progression, has accessible surface sites for drug development. Researchers identified these sites by analyzing sequence conservation and surface properties to create novel Nef inhibitors.

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Peptide-based Identification of Functional Motifs and their Binding Partners
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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Drug Discovery

Background:

  • The Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) Nef protein is a key accessory factor influencing viral pathogenesis and disease progression to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
  • Nef's role in viral replication is not essential, but its pathogenic potential makes it a significant target for therapeutic intervention.
  • Understanding Nef's structure-function relationship is crucial for developing effective antiviral strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify accessible substructures on the HIV-1 Nef protein surface suitable for pharmacological targeting.
  • To correlate sequence conservation, surface hydrophobicity, and protein-protein interaction functionality of Nef.
  • To review current and emerging strategies for developing Nef inhibitors.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of sequence conservation in HIV-1 Nef.
  • Correlation of sequence data with surface hydrophobicity and protein-protein interaction capabilities.
  • Review of small molecule compounds targeting SH3 domain binding and MHC class I down-regulation.
  • Introduction of larger molecule approaches, including fusion proteins and single-domain antibodies.
  • Examination of engineered SH3 domains for modulating RT-loop binding.

Main Results:

  • Identification of accessible surface regions on Nef with potential as pharmacological targets.
  • Demonstration of Nef's role in critical cellular processes like CD4 and MHC class I down-regulation.
  • Validation of diverse therapeutic strategies, including small molecules, fusion proteins, and antibodies, for Nef inhibition.
  • Evidence of flexibility in binding recognition, exemplified by engineered SH3 domains.

Conclusions:

  • The HIV-1 Nef protein presents a promising and viable target for the development of novel and potent antiviral inhibitors.
  • Targeting conserved Nef motifs and functional sites offers a promising avenue for therapeutic intervention against HIV-1.
  • A multifaceted approach combining small and large molecules can effectively disrupt Nef's pathogenic functions.