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Osmotic Pressure01:26

Osmotic Pressure

Osmosis is a process where solvent molecules move toward a solution through a semipermeable membrane. As the solution dilutes due to the entry of solvent, it expands. This expansion increases the hydrostatic pressure of the solution. When the hydrostatic pressure equals the osmotic pressure, osmosis stops.Osmotic pressure, denoted by Π, is the minimum pressure needed to prevent the solvent from passing into the solution by osmosis. The van 't Hoff equation calculates the osmotic pressure of an...
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Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure of Solutions

A number of natural and synthetic materials exhibit selective permeation, meaning that only molecules or ions of a certain size, shape, polarity, charge, and so forth, are capable of passing through (permeating) the material. Biological cell membranes provide elegant examples of selective permeation in nature, while dialysis tubing used to remove metabolic wastes from blood is a more simplistic technological example. Regardless of how they may be fabricated, these materials are generally...
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The equilibrium vapor pressure of a liquid is the pressure exerted by its gaseous phase when vaporization and condensation are occurring at equal rates: Dissolving a nonvolatile substance in volatile liquid results in a lowering of the liquid’s vapor pressure. This phenomenon can be explained by considering the effect of added solute molecules on the liquid's vaporization and condensation processes. To vaporize, solvent molecules must be present at the surface of the solution. The presence of...
Vapor Pressure of Fluid01:28

Vapor Pressure of Fluid

The vapor pressure of a fluid is a crucial concept in fluid mechanics, influencing phenomena such as boiling and cavitation. Vapor pressure refers to the pressure exerted by a vapor at a state of thermodynamic equilibrium with its corresponding liquid phase at a specific temperature. It represents the tendency of molecules to escape from the fluid surface into the vapor phase.
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Vapor Pressure02:34

Vapor Pressure

When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules move randomly about, they will occasionally collide with the surface of the condensed phase, and in some cases, these collisions will result in the molecules re-entering the condensed phase. The change from the gas phase to the liquid is called condensation. When the rate of condensation becomes equal to the rate of vaporization, neither the amount of the liquid nor the amount of the vapor...
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Updated: May 27, 2026

High-Pressure NMR Experiments for Detecting Protein Low-Lying Conformational States
04:37

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Published on: June 29, 2021

Pressure solution at the molecular scale.

Edgar Alejandro Pachon-Rodriguez1, Agnès Piednoir, Jean Colombani

  • 1Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée et Nanostructures, Université de Lyon, France.

Physical Review Letters
|November 24, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Atomic force microscopy revealed how gypsum crystals dissolve. Dissolution occurs via atomic step migration, with low forces inducing pressure solution, a key mechanism in geological processes.

Area of Science:

  • Geochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Crystal dissolution is a fundamental process in geochemistry and materials science.
  • Understanding dissolution mechanisms at the atomic level is crucial for predicting material behavior and geological processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the topological evolution of gypsum crystal surfaces during dissolution.
  • To elucidate the atomic mechanisms governing matter transfer from solid to liquid phases.
  • To explore the role of tip-induced forces in dissolution, particularly pressure solution.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized atomic force microscopy (AFM) to observe the dissolution of a gypsum single crystal.
  • Studied the crystal's cleavage surface in a flowing undersaturated aqueous solution.

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  • Measured atomic step velocities under varying applied forces from the AFM tip.

    • Main Results:

    • Observed that matter transfer occurs through the migration of atomic steps on the crystal surface.
    • Found that step velocity is dependent on the force applied by the AFM tip.
    • Identified distinct behaviors at high forces (corrosive wear) and low forces (<10 nN).
    • Demonstrated that low-force step velocity follows the kinetic law of pressure solution.

    Conclusions:

    • Provided the first atomic-level evidence for the mechanism of pressure solution.
    • Linked tip-induced pressure solution to the observed step velocity behavior at low forces.
    • Highlighted the importance of atomic-scale investigations for understanding macroscopic geological phenomena.