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Related Concept Videos

Design Example: Maintaining Level of an Embankment01:19

Design Example: Maintaining Level of an Embankment

Constructing a roadway embankment over uneven terrain requires precise leveling to ensure stability and proper drainage. Surveyors use a leveling instrument and staff to calculate ground elevations and determine the required fill material at each point along the embankment alignment.The process begins by positioning a leveling instrument near a benchmark with a known elevation. A backsight reading establishes the instrument height, which serves as a reference for subsequent measurements. A...
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Topographic maps represent the Earth's surface features using contour lines, which connect points of equal elevation to create a two-dimensional representation of three-dimensional terrain. Creating a topographic map requires a systematic approach.Begin by plotting a scaled grid and marking intersections corresponding to the survey's elevation data points. Assign elevation values at these intersections to build the base map. Next, determine contour levels using a consistent contour interval,...
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Topography involves measuring and mapping land elevations, natural features, and artificial structures to create accurate representations of the terrain. Topographic surveying relies on traditional and modern methods, each with distinct advantages and limitations.Traditional Surveying Methods:Transit stadia surveys and plane table surveys were widely used traditional surveying methods. These techniques relied on instruments like theodolites and stadia rods for measuring distances and angles,...
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Profile Leveling and Cross Sections

Profile leveling and cross-sections are surveying methods used to determine and document terrain elevations for infrastructure projects such as highways, railroads, canals, and pipelines. These methods provide data for earthwork planning and alignment of proposed routes.  Profile leveling involves measuring elevations along a fixed line to create a vertical terrain profile. A surveyor sets up a leveling instrument at the benchmark (BM) and records a backsight (BS) to determine the instrument's...
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Updated: May 27, 2026

Measuring and Mapping Patterns of Soil Erosion and Deposition Related to Soil Carbonate Concentrations Under Agricultural Management
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Interpolations of groundwater table elevation in dissected uplands.

Jae-won Chung1, J David Rogers

  • 1Department of Geological Sciences and Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA.

Ground Water
|November 24, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cokriging, a geostatistical method, accurately estimated groundwater table elevation in St. Louis, outperforming multiple linear regression and ordinary kriging. This improved groundwater mapping is crucial for assessing soil liquefaction potential.

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Area of Science:

  • Geosciences
  • Hydrogeology
  • Geostatistics

Background:

  • Groundwater table elevation is critical for assessing soil liquefaction potential.
  • Estimating groundwater levels in variable terrain presents challenges for traditional methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the accuracy of multiple linear regression (MLR), ordinary kriging, and cokriging in estimating groundwater table elevation.
  • To determine the most reliable method for mapping groundwater surfaces for liquefaction potential assessment in the St. Louis area.

Main Methods:

  • Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) used surface water features to approximate groundwater elevation.
  • Ordinary Kriging estimated values in unsampled areas based on spatial relationships, excluding topography.
  • Cokriging incorporated topography as a covariable alongside spatial relationships for estimation.

Main Results:

  • MLR produced exaggerated groundwater elevations that mimicked the ground surface.
  • Ordinary kriging oversmoothed local topography, failing to capture water table undulations.
  • Cokriging generated realistic groundwater surfaces that accurately reflected topographic variations.

Conclusions:

  • Cokriging provided the most reliable and realistic estimate of the groundwater surface.
  • Accurate groundwater mapping using cokriging is essential for effective soil liquefaction potential assessment.