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Related Concept Videos

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
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Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
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Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways01:29

Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways

Amino acid biosynthesis is essential for cell growth, protein synthesis, and metabolic regulation. Cells generate essential and non-essential amino acids from metabolic intermediates to sustain vital biological functions. These intermediates originate from key metabolic pathways: glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Important precursors include α-ketoglutarate, pyruvate, oxaloacetate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and erythrose-4-phosphate, which provide...
Ribosome Profiling02:24

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Using In Vitro and In-cell SHAPE to Investigate Small Molecule Induced Pre-mRNA Structural Changes
11:58

Using In Vitro and In-cell SHAPE to Investigate Small Molecule Induced Pre-mRNA Structural Changes

Published on: January 30, 2019

Ribosomal route to small-molecule diversity.

Ma Diarey B Tianero1, Mohamed S Donia, Travis S Young

  • 1Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|November 24, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Researchers engineered the cyanobactin ribosomal peptide (RP) pathway to create novel small molecules. This genetic engineering approach enables the rational synthesis of complex compounds via multi-step biosynthetic pathways.

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Global Identification of Co-Translational Interaction Networks by Selective Ribosome Profiling
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Last Updated: May 27, 2026

Using In Vitro and In-cell SHAPE to Investigate Small Molecule Induced Pre-mRNA Structural Changes
11:58

Using In Vitro and In-cell SHAPE to Investigate Small Molecule Induced Pre-mRNA Structural Changes

Published on: January 30, 2019

Global Identification of Co-Translational Interaction Networks by Selective Ribosome Profiling
06:58

Global Identification of Co-Translational Interaction Networks by Selective Ribosome Profiling

Published on: October 7, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Synthetic Biology
  • Natural Products Chemistry

Background:

  • Cyanobactins are ribosomal peptides (RPs) with diverse biological activities.
  • Engineering RP pathways offers a route to novel small molecules.
  • Current methods for complex molecule synthesis are often limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To manipulate the cyanobactin RP pathway for the synthesis of new molecules.
  • To incorporate tandem mutations and non-proteinogenic amino acids.
  • To demonstrate the potential of RPs for rational drug design.

Main Methods:

  • Simultaneous expression of eight heterologous components in Escherichia coli.
  • Genetic engineering of the cyanobactin ribosomal peptide pathway.
  • Incorporation of multiple tandem mutations and non-proteinogenic amino acids.

Main Results:

  • Successful manipulation of the cyanobactin RP pathway.
  • Incorporation of desired mutations and amino acid types.
  • Demonstration of a multi-step biosynthetic pathway in E. coli.

Conclusions:

  • The cyanobactin RP pathway is amenable to genetic engineering for novel compound synthesis.
  • Simple genetic engineering can achieve complex, multi-step biosynthesis.
  • RPs hold significant potential for the rational design of new small molecules.