Regulation of macrophage differentiation and polarization by group IVC phospholipase A₂

Although the cellular function of group IVC phospholipase A(2) (IVC-PLA(2)) remains to be understood, the expression of IVC-PLA(2) in human monocytic THP-1 cells was increased during phorbol ester-induced macrophage differentiation. We therefore examined the role of IVC-PLA(2) in macrophage differentiation using THP-1 cells. Two THP-1 cell lines stably expressing IVC-PLA(2)-specific shRNA were established. Differentiation and maturation into macrophages on treatment with phorbol ester were facilitated by knockdown of IVC-PLA(2) without the compensatory induction of mRNA expression for other group IV and VI PLA(2)s. Furthermore, the enhancement of macrophage differentiation by IVC-PLA(2)-knockdown were abolished by treatment with lysophosphatidylcholine, a metabolite of phospholipids generated by PLA(2)-mediated hydrolysis, indicating that PLA(2) activity is necessary for the inhibition of macrophage differentiation by IVC-PLA(2). Additionally, we found that the differentiation into classically activated M1 macrophage was superior in IVC-PLA(2)-knockdown cells, whereas the differentiation into alternatively activated M2 macrophage was suppressed by IVC-PLA(2)-knockdown. These findings suggest that IVC-PLA(2) is involved in regulations of macrophage differentiation and macrophage polarization.