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Related Concept Videos

Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into...
Teeth01:15

Teeth

The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin and...
Tooth Anatomy01:21

Tooth Anatomy

The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or grinding food.
Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...

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Updated: May 27, 2026

Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model
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Developmental maxillofacial anomalies.

Daniel J G Baxter1, Manohar M Shroff

  • 1Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Neuroradiology Division, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.

Seminars in Ultrasound, CT, and MR
|November 24, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Developmental maxillofacial anomalies stem from issues in the first pharyngeal arch. This review details embryogenesis, symptoms, and imaging for conditions like choanal atresia and cleft lip/palate.

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Area of Science:

  • Craniofacial development
  • Medical imaging
  • Developmental biology

Background:

  • Maxillofacial anomalies often arise from abnormal development of the first pharyngeal arch.
  • Accurate diagnosis and management rely on detailed anatomical understanding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review maxillofacial embryogenesis and associated anomalies.
  • To describe clinical and imaging features of first pharyngeal arch-related conditions.
  • To provide a guide for diagnosing and managing these anomalies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of maxillofacial embryogenesis.
  • Analysis of clinical presentations of various anomalies.
  • Correlation of imaging findings (CT/MRI) with specific diagnoses.

Main Results:

  • Detailed overview of first pharyngeal arch development.
  • Description of anomalies including choanal atresia, cleft lip/palate, and micrognathia.
  • Characteristic imaging features for each discussed anomaly.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding embryogenesis is key to recognizing maxillofacial anomalies.
  • CT and MRI are crucial for precise anatomical definition and surgical planning.
  • This review consolidates information on common first pharyngeal arch syndromes.