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Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit

Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit

In integrated circuit technology, a capacitance multiplier is often utilized to produce a larger capacitance value when a small physical capacitance falls short. This is achieved by a circuit that multiplies capacitance values by a factor of up to 1000, such that a 10-pF capacitor can replicate the performance of a 100-nF capacitor.
The circuit illustrated in Figure 1 below incorporates two op-amps, with the first operating as a voltage follower and the second acting as an inverting amplifier.

Bus Impedance Matrix

Bus Impedance Matrix

Calculating subtransient fault currents for three-phase faults in an N-bus power system involves using the positive-sequence network. When a three-phase short circuit occurs at a specific bus, the analysis uses the superposition method to evaluate two separate circuits.
In the first circuit, all machine voltage sources are short-circuited, leaving only the prefault voltage source at the fault location. The positive-sequence bus impedance matrix can be determined by solving the nodal equations,...

Impedance Combination

Impedance Combination

Consider a string of christmas lights, each bulb symbolizing an impedance element. In this series configuration, the flow of electric current remains uniform across every component. This behavior aligns with Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL), which asserts that the total impedance in such a setup equals the sum of individual impedances—akin to resistors in series. It follows that the voltage from the power source is distributed proportionally among these components, adhering to the voltage division...

Equivalent Capacitance

Equivalent Capacitance

Multiple capacitors can be connected in a circuit in series or parallel configuration. When the capacitor combination is connected to a battery, the potential drop across each capacitor and the magnitude of charge stored in the individual capacitor depends on the type of the connection. The capacitor combination is replaced by a single equivalent capacitor that stores the same amount of charge as the combination for a given potential difference.
The following strategies are adopted to calculate...

Equivalent Capacitance

Equivalent Capacitance

From the study of resistive circuits, it is understood that employing a series-parallel combination serves as an effective strategy for simplifying circuits. Capacitors can be arranged within a circuit in one of two ways: a series configuration or a parallel configuration. The way these capacitors are connected to a battery will influence both the potential drop across each individual capacitor and the size of the charge that each capacitor can store. This is determined by the specific type of...

Propagation Speed of Electromagnetic Waves

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Electromagnetic waves are consistent with Ampere's law. Assuming there is no conduction current Ampere's law is given as:

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Design and Characterization Methodology for Efficient Wide Range Tunable MEMS Filters

Design and Characterization Methodology for Efficient Wide Range Tunable MEMS Filters

Published on: February 4, 2018

Mode-size converter with high coupling efficiency and broad bandwidth.

Qing Fang¹, Junfeng Song, Xianshu Luo

¹Optoelectronic System Laboratory, Institute of Semiconductors, CAS, Beijing 100083, China. qingfang@red.semi.ac.cn

|November 24, 2011

Summary

This paper presents a novel fiber-to-waveguide mode-size converter for silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platforms. The device achieves ultralow coupling loss and broad bandwidth, crucial for nano-scale integrated optics.

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Characterization of Anisotropic Leaky Mode Modulators for Holovideo

Characterization of Anisotropic Leaky Mode Modulators for Holovideo

Published on: March 19, 2016

Area of Science:

Photonics and Optical Engineering
Materials Science and Nanotechnology
Integrated Optics

Background:

Efficient coupling between optical fibers and nano-scale waveguides is critical for integrated photonic circuits.
Existing mode converters often suffer from high loss, narrow bandwidth, or complex fabrication.
Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology offers a robust platform for miniaturized optical devices.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate an ultralow coupling loss and broad bandwidth fiber-to-waveguide mode-size converter.
To utilize CMOS-compatible fabrication processes for nano-scale waveguides.
To achieve efficient light coupling into sub-wavelength structures on the SOI platform.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of a mode-size converter using complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology on an SOI platform.
Design incorporating a cantilevered PECVD SiO(2) waveguide and amorphous silicon (a-Si) nano-tapers.
Characterization using cleaved optical single-mode fiber and refractive index matching oil.

Main Results:

Achieved coupling efficiencies exceeding 80% for TE modes and 70% for TM modes at 1600 nm.
Demonstrated polarization-dependent loss and coupling loss variation below 1.0 dB across a 1520–1640 nm wavelength range.
Obtained 1-dB bandwidths greater than 120 nm for both TE and TM modes, with alignment tolerances of ±2.8 µm (horizontal) and ±2.1 µm (vertical).

Conclusions:

The developed mode-size converter offers excellent performance for interfacing optical fibers with nano-scale SOI waveguides.
The CMOS-compatible fabrication and robust performance make it suitable for advanced integrated photonic applications.
This technology enables efficient light manipulation at the nano-scale, paving the way for next-generation optical devices.