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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
IR Frequency Region: X–H Stretching01:24

IR Frequency Region: X–H Stretching

In IR spectroscopy, signals produced by the X−H bonds (such as C−H, O−H, or N−H) can be observed in the frequency range of  2700–4000 cm–1. The C−H stretching vibration forms sharp bands in the region 2850–3000 cm–1. The presence of the O−H stretching vibration leads to the forming of an absorption band in the frequency range 3650–3200 cm−1. At the same time, N−H stretching can be confirmed by absorption bands in the 3500–3100 cm−1 range. Even though both O−H and N−H bonds vibrate at a similar...
X-ray Imaging01:24

X-ray Imaging

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-ray was widely...
¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are slanted or...
IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)01:20

¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)

When proton-coupled carbon-13 spectra are simplified by a broadband proton decoupling technique, structural information about the coupled protons is lost. Distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) is a technique that provides information on the number of hydrogens attached to each carbon in a molecule. While the DEPT experiment utilizes complex pulse sequences, the pulse delay and flip angle are specifically manipulated. The resulting signals have different phases depending on...

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Related Experiment Video

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An Experimental Protocol for Femtosecond NIR/UV - XUV Pump-Probe Experiments with Free-Electron Lasers
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Spectral encoding of x-ray/optical relative delay.

Mina R Bionta1, H T Lemke, J P Cryan

  • 1The Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA. mbionta@slac.stanford.edu

Optics Express
|November 24, 2011
PubMed
Summary

We developed a new method to precisely measure the timing between soft x-ray Free-Electron Laser (FEL) pulses and optical lasers. This technique achieves a measurement error below 25 femtoseconds (fs) for single-shot experiments.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Optics

Background:

  • Accurate timing measurements are crucial for understanding ultrafast phenomena.
  • Existing methods for synchronizing X-ray Free-Electron Laser (XFEL) pulses with optical lasers have limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel technique for measuring the relative delay between soft X-ray FEL pulses and optical laser pulses.
  • To achieve high precision (sub-25 fs RMS) in single-shot timing measurements.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a semiconductor (Si3N4) membrane as a photo-ionizing medium.
  • Employing an optical continuum pulse with a chirped bandwidth (630 nm-710 nm).
  • Analyzing spectral modulation of the transmitted optical pulse to determine X-ray arrival time.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated a new technique for soft X-ray FEL and optical laser pulse timing.
  • Achieved a measurement error of less than 25 fs RMS.
  • Enabled nearly in situ, single-shot measurement of X-ray pulse arrival time.

Conclusions:

  • The presented technique offers a significant advancement in ultrafast timing measurements.
  • This method is suitable for single-shot experiments, providing real-time timing information.
  • The high precision achieved opens new possibilities for pump-probe experiments using XFELs.