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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter
04:09

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter

Published on: September 20, 2024

[Complications in thyroid surgery].

P Aluffi1, P Pisani, M Olina

  • 1Clinica Otorinolaringoiatrica, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara.

Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica : Organo Ufficiale Della Societa Italiana Di Otorinolaringologia E Chirurgia Cervico-Facciale
|November 25, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid surgery has low complication risks, but temporary hypoparathyroidism is common. Vocal dysfunction can occur even without nerve damage, suggesting other factors influence voice after thyroidectomy.

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Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy via the Trans-Axillary Approach
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Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy via the Trans-Axillary Approach

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Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter
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Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter

Published on: September 20, 2024

Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy via the Trans-Axillary Approach
05:10

Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy via the Trans-Axillary Approach

Published on: September 15, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Otolaryngology
  • Surgical Pathology

Context:

  • Thyroid surgery is a common procedure with generally low complication rates.
  • Post-surgical hypoparathyroidism is frequent, though often temporary.
  • Recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis incidence is low but significant.

Purpose:

  • To retrospectively analyze endocrinological, hemorrhagic, and neurological complications in thyroid surgery patients.
  • To investigate vocal dysfunction after thyroidectomy, even without diagnosed laryngeal nerve deficits.
  • To identify risk factors for definitive hypoparathyroidism and neurological sequelae.

Summary:

  • A 10-year study of 218 patients (222 procedures) found acute hypoparathyroidism in 43.9% and definitive hypoparathyroidism in 6% of thyroidectomies.
  • Recurrent definitive paralysis occurred in 1.8% of nerves at risk.
  • Vocal parameter alterations were noted in 14-27% of patients, irrespective of laryngeal nerve status.

Impact:

  • Preservation of 3+ parathyroid glands predicts normal post-operative calcemia (95% positive).
  • Malignant histology, re-operation, and lymph node dissection increase definitive hypoparathyroidism risk.
  • Iatrogenic injury or muscle scarring may cause post-thyroidectomy vocal dysfunction.