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Related Concept Videos

Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
Epistasis Analysis01:09

Epistasis Analysis

Although Mendel chose seven unrelated traits in peas to study gene segregation, most traits involve multiple gene interactions that create a spectrum of phenotypes. When the interaction of various genes or alleles at different locations influences a phenotype, this is called epistasis. Epistasis often involves one gene masking or interfering with the expression of another (antagonistic epistasis). Epistasis often occurs when different genes are part of the same biochemical pathway. The...
Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
Theoretical Approaches to Psychological Disorder01:29

Theoretical Approaches to Psychological Disorder

The development of psychological disorders, which are characterized by deviant, maladaptive, and personally distressing behaviors, has been explored through several theoretical approaches.
Biological approach
The biological approach posits that internal, organic factors are the primary causes of such disorders. This perspective emphasizes brain structure and function, genetic predispositions, and neurotransmitter imbalances. For example, schizophrenia has been associated with both genetic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Optimized Analysis of DNA Methylation and Gene Expression from Small, Anatomically-defined Areas of the Brain
13:11

Optimized Analysis of DNA Methylation and Gene Expression from Small, Anatomically-defined Areas of the Brain

Published on: July 12, 2012

Approach to epigenetic analysis in language disorders.

Shelley D Smith1

  • 1University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA, ssmith@unmc.edu.

Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders
|November 25, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Genetic factors significantly influence language and learning disorders. Epigenetic mechanisms, like DNA methylation and histone modification, are increasingly implicated in these conditions and may offer therapeutic targets.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Language and learning disorders (LLDs) have strong genetic components, but causal mutations in coding regions are rare.
  • Association studies suggest regulatory regions and gene expression levels are critical, highlighting quantity over quality of gene products.
  • Candidate genes involved in neuronal migration underscore the importance of early developmental processes in LLDs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of epigenetic processes, specifically DNA methylation and histone modification, in the etiology of LLDs.
  • To investigate the potential of epigenetic mechanisms as therapeutic targets for LLDs, drawing parallels from animal studies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of genetic association studies and findings related to candidate genes in LLDs.

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Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (IPL): Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism
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Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (IPL): Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism

Published on: December 14, 2012

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Last Updated: May 27, 2026

Optimized Analysis of DNA Methylation and Gene Expression from Small, Anatomically-defined Areas of the Brain
13:11

Optimized Analysis of DNA Methylation and Gene Expression from Small, Anatomically-defined Areas of the Brain

Published on: July 12, 2012

Investigating Protein-protein Interactions in Live Cells Using Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer
11:46

Investigating Protein-protein Interactions in Live Cells Using Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer

Published on: May 26, 2014

Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (IPL): Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism
10:11

Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (IPL): Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism

Published on: December 14, 2012

  • Examination of the known functions of epigenetic processes in gene regulation, cellular differentiation, and learning.
  • Consideration of evidence from animal models demonstrating the reversibility of epigenetic defects and associated cognitive deficits.

    • Main Results:

    • Epigenetic alterations, including DNA methylation and histone modification, are likely key contributors to LLDs due to their role in gene regulation.
    • Epigenetic processes are crucial for early neural development and are implicated in cognitive disorders.
    • Histone modification alterations are linked to learning and memory deficits, with potential for therapeutic intervention.

    Conclusions:

    • Epigenetic dysregulation is a significant factor in the pathogenesis of language and learning disorders.
    • Understanding the epigenetic basis of LLDs is crucial for developing novel therapeutic strategies.
    • Investigating epigenetic mechanisms offers promising avenues for treating LLDs, supported by evidence of successful interventions in animal models.