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Related Concept Videos

Titration of Polyprotic Base with a Strong Acid01:18

Titration of Polyprotic Base with a Strong Acid

The titration of a polyprotic base such as sodium carbonate with a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid results in two equivalence points on the titration curve. At the first equivalence point, the carbonate ions in the base are completely converted to bicarbonate ions. The second equivalence point corresponds to the complete conversion of bicarbonate ions to carbonic acid, which dissociates into carbon dioxide and water. The region before the first equivalence point corresponds to the...
Polyprotic Acids03:38

Polyprotic Acids

Acids are classified by the number of protons per molecule that they can give up in a reaction. Acids such as HCl, HNO3, and HCN that contain one ionizable hydrogen atom in each molecule are called monoprotic acids. Their reactions with water are:
Titration of Polyprotic Acids with a Strong Base01:23

Titration of Polyprotic Acids with a Strong Base

Titration of a polyprotic acid, which contains multiple ionizable protons, involves distinct dissociation steps, each with its own dissociation constant (Ka). Each successive Ka is weaker than the previous one. In the titration of a polyprotic acid like sulfurous acid with a strong base such as sodium hydroxide, the base first neutralizes the initial ionizable proton, forming an intermediate species (e.g., hydrogen sulfite ions). This step's titration curve resembles that of a weak monoprotic...
Titration of a Weak Acid with a Strong Base01:30

Titration of a Weak Acid with a Strong Base

In titrating a weak acid with a strong base, different calculation methods are applied at various stages. Initially, the pH of a weak acid like acetic acid is calculated using its dissociation constant (Ka) and an ICE table. Upon addition of a strong base such as sodium hydroxide, a buffer forms, and its pH is determined using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. As more base is added and the titration reaches the halfway point, the pH becomes equal to the pKa of the acid, indicating equal...
Acid–Base Titration: Overview01:26

Acid–Base Titration: Overview

An acid-base titration is a technique used to determine the concentration of an unknown acid or base, using a titrant of known concentration–either a base for acid titration or an acid for base titration. The process involves gradually adding the titrant, leading to a predictable change in the pH of the solution. This change is plotted on a titration curve, showing how a solution's pH varies with the amount of titrant added. Such curves are instrumental in monitoring the titration's progress...
Titration of a Polyprotic Acid02:08

Titration of a Polyprotic Acid

A polyprotic acid contains more than one ionizable hydrogen and undergoes a stepwise ionization process. If the acid dissociation constants of the ionizable protons differ sufficiently from each other, then the titration curve for such polyprotic acid generates a distinct equivalence point for each of its ionizable hydrogens. Therefore, titration of a diprotic acid results in the formation of two equivalence points, whereas the titration of a triprotic acid results in the formation of three...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Characterization, Quantification and Compound-specific Isotopic Analysis of Pyrogenic Carbon Using Benzene Polycarboxylic Acids (BPCA)
08:12

Characterization, Quantification and Compound-specific Isotopic Analysis of Pyrogenic Carbon Using Benzene Polycarboxylic Acids (BPCA)

Published on: May 16, 2016

Boric acid as reference substance: pros, cons and standardization.

M J B Amorim1, T Natal-da-Luz, J P Sousa

  • 1Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. mjamorim@ua.pt

Ecotoxicology (London, England)
|November 25, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Boric acid (BA) is being considered as a reference substance, but its toxicity varies among soil organisms. While effective for earthworms, its impact on other invertebrates like collembolans requires careful consideration for broader guideline adoption.

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Evaluation of Oxidative Stress in Biological Samples Using the Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances Assay
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Evaluation of Oxidative Stress in Biological Samples Using the Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances Assay

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Characterization, Quantification and Compound-specific Isotopic Analysis of Pyrogenic Carbon Using Benzene Polycarboxylic Acids (BPCA)
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Evaluation of Oxidative Stress in Biological Samples Using the Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances Assay
06:19

Evaluation of Oxidative Stress in Biological Samples Using the Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances Assay

Published on: May 12, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Environmental toxicology
  • Ecotoxicology
  • Soil science

Background:

  • Boric acid (BA) is a potential reference substance for OECD/ISO guidelines.
  • Previous reference substances pose health and environmental risks.
  • BA's suitability requires ecotoxicological data for soil invertebrates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Evaluate boric acid's toxicity and avoidance potential in soil organisms.
  • Identify the most sensitive soil-dwelling invertebrate species.
  • Contribute data for BA's adoption as a standard reference substance.

Main Methods:

  • Tested survival, reproduction, and avoidance of Enchytraeus albidus and Folsomia candida with boric acid.
  • Analyzed published data to determine the hazard concentration (HC5) for sensitive invertebrates.
  • Calculated LC50 and EC50 values for tested species.

Main Results:

  • Boric acid showed higher toxicity to Folsomia candida (EC50 = 54 mg/kg) than Enchytraeus albidus (EC50 = 104 mg/kg).
  • No avoidance behavior was observed in tested species, despite BA affecting earthworms.
  • The most sensitive soil invertebrate (HC5) is expected to be affected at 28 mg H3BO3/kg (4.6 mg boron/kg).

Conclusions:

  • Boric acid's toxicity varies significantly across soil invertebrate species.
  • Generalizing BA's performance from one species to another is not advisable.
  • BA's effects occur within the proposed <1,000 mg/kg range for reference substance suitability.