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Related Concept Videos

Phase II Reactions: Glucuronidation01:24

Phase II Reactions: Glucuronidation

Glucuronidation, a pivotal phase II biotransformation process, involves the coupling of glucuronic acid to a drug or xenobiotic. Given its widespread occurrence and critical role in drug metabolism, it's considered the most crucial phase II reaction. It enhances the water solubility of substances, aiding their expulsion from the body. The driving force behind these reactions is a group of enzymes known as UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). UGTs facilitate the transfer of a glucuronic acid...
Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions01:14

Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions

Phase II reactions are essential for the detoxification and elimination of drugs from the body. These reactions involve the conjugation of parent drugs or their phase I metabolites with endogenous molecules, resulting in more hydrophilic drug conjugates. The primary conjugation reactions in this phase are sulfation and glucuronidation. Both sulfation and glucuronidation typically produce biologically inactive metabolites. However, in some cases involving prodrugs, active metabolites may be...
Glycosaminoglycans01:23

Glycosaminoglycans

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), also known as mucopolysaccharides, are long and linear polymers comprising of specific repeating disaccharides - the amino sugar that can be N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine, and a uronic acid that is usually glucuronic acid or iduronic acid.
GAGS are found in the extracellular matrix of vertebrates, invertebrates, and bacteria. Due to their polar nature they attract water, and serve as excellent lubricants or shock absorbers in an animal body.
Hyaluronic...
Phase II Reactions: Glutathione Conjugation and Mercapturic Acid Formation01:22

Phase II Reactions: Glutathione Conjugation and Mercapturic Acid Formation

Glutathione, a tripeptide made up of glutamate, cysteine, and glycine, is a critical player in the detoxification of drugs and xenobiotics via a process known as glutathione conjugation or mercapturic acid formation. This phase II biotransformation reaction involves the covalent binding of glutathione to a drug or its metabolite, enhancing the compound's water solubility and enabling its excretion.
Several distinctive characteristics distinguish glutathione conjugation from other phase II...
Protein Folding Quality Check in the RER01:29

Protein Folding Quality Check in the RER

ER is the primary site for the maturation and folding of soluble and transmembrane secretory proteins. The calnexin cycle is a specific chaperone system that folds and assesses the confirmation of N-glycosylated proteins before they can exit the ER lumen. The primary players of this quality check pipeline are the lectins, ER-resident chaperones, and a glucosyl transferase enzyme. In case the calnexin system in the lumen fails to salvage a misfolded protein, it is transported to the cytoplasm...
Glycocalyx and its Functions01:14

Glycocalyx and its Functions

The glycocalyx is a carbohydrate-rich, fuzzy-appearing layer on the outer surface of the cell membrane. It is highly hydrophilic, because of this it attracts large amounts of water to the cell's surface. This aids the cell's interaction with the watery environment and also helps it to obtain substances dissolved in the water. It is also important for cell identification, self/non-self determination, and embryonic development and is used in cell-to-cell attachments to form tissues.
Components of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

GC-based Detection of Aldononitrile Acetate Derivatized Glucosamine and Muramic Acid for Microbial Residue Determination in Soil
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Ethyl glucuronide.

Natalie E Walsham1, Roy A Sherwood

  • 1Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital Lewisham, High Street, Lewisham, London SE13 6LH.

Annals of Clinical Biochemistry
|November 25, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Ethyl glucuronide is a novel biomarker for detecting recent alcohol consumption. This direct metabolite, detectable in urine for up to 90 hours, shows promise for identifying binge drinking patterns.

Area of Science:

  • Toxicology
  • Biomarkers
  • Clinical Chemistry

Background:

  • Alcohol misuse contributes to significant global morbidity and mortality.
  • Current methods for identifying alcohol abuse include clinical history, examination, and questionnaires.
  • Existing biomarkers for alcohol consumption have limitations in their detection time windows.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate ethyl glucuronide as a potential biomarker for detecting recent alcohol consumption.
  • To assess the utility of ethyl glucuronide in identifying patterns such as binge drinking.
  • To explore the application of ethyl glucuronide in clinical and forensic settings.

Main Methods:

  • Detection of ethyl glucuronide as a direct metabolite of ethanol.
  • Analysis of ethyl glucuronide in urine samples.

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Last Updated: May 27, 2026

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A β-glucuronidase (GUS) Based Cell Death Assay

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  • Assessment of detection window for ethyl glucuronide (up to 90 hours).

    • Main Results:

    • Ethyl glucuronide is a direct metabolite of alcohol.
    • Urine ethyl glucuronide can be detected for up to 90 hours post-consumption.
    • Ethyl glucuronide shows potential as a marker for binge drinking.

    Conclusions:

    • Ethyl glucuronide is a promising biomarker for detecting recent alcohol use.
    • Its detection window makes it suitable for identifying binge drinking episodes.
    • Ethyl glucuronide offers a non-invasive tool for various clinical and forensic applications.