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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

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Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Scoring Central Nervous System Inflammation, Demyelination, and Axon Injury in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
08:17

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Published on: February 23, 2024

Immunological markers in neurological disorders.

A R Karim1, S Jacob

  • 1Clinical Immunology Service, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. a.r.karim@bham.ac.uk

Annals of Clinical Biochemistry
|November 25, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes occur when the immune system attacks the nervous system due to an underlying tumor. Detecting specific neuronal antibodies aids in diagnosing these rare, often irreversible neurological deficits.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Neurological dysfunction stems from diverse causes including neoplastic processes.
  • Paraneoplastic syndromes represent a rare neurological complication linked to underlying tumors, affecting less than 1% of cancer patients.
  • These syndromes arise from an immune response targeting neuronal antigens expressed by the tumor, leading to nervous system damage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms, clinical significance, and diagnostic utility of neuronal antibodies in paraneoplastic neurological syndromes.
  • To highlight the evolution of understanding from non-pathogenic markers to directly pathogenic antibodies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on paraneoplastic neurological syndromes and associated autoantibodies.

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  • Analysis of the role of neuronal antibodies in disease pathogenesis and diagnosis.

    • Main Results:

    • Over 20 types of neuronal antibodies are now recognized as markers for paraneoplastic neurological syndromes.
    • A new class of antibodies targeting cell surface antigens has been identified with direct pathogenic roles.
    • These antibodies are found in both cerebrospinal fluid and blood, often at high titers.

    Conclusions:

    • Neuronal antibodies are crucial diagnostic markers for paraneoplastic neurological syndromes.
    • Detection of these antibodies can facilitate early diagnosis of both neurological conditions and underlying malignancies.
    • Earlier diagnosis and treatment, guided by antibody detection, can improve patient prognosis.