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Bile

Bile

Bile is a crucial bodily fluid, characterized by its yellow-green color and alkaline nature. Produced in the liver, it is transported through the common hepatic duct into either the cystic duct, leading to the gallbladder, or directly into the common bile duct. The flow of bile is regulated by the sphincter of Oddi located at the entrance of the duodenum. When this sphincter is closed, bile is redirected to the gallbladder for storage and concentration.
Bile is released when dietary fats enter...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Isolation and Profiling of MicroRNA-containing Exosomes from Human Bile

Isolation and Profiling of MicroRNA-containing Exosomes from Human Bile

Published on: June 13, 2016

Comprehensive proteomic analysis of human bile.

Mustafa A Barbhuiya¹, Nandini A Sahasrabuddhe, Sneha M Pinto

¹Centre for Genomics, Molecular and Human Genetics, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India.

|November 25, 2011

Summary

Researchers identified 2552 proteins in human bile, the largest catalog to date. This comprehensive bile proteome analysis provides a baseline for future cancer biomarker discovery.

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Deep Proteome Profiling by Isobaric Labeling, Extensive Liquid Chromatography, Mass Spectrometry, and Software-assisted Quantification

Deep Proteome Profiling by Isobaric Labeling, Extensive Liquid Chromatography, Mass Spectrometry, and Software-assisted Quantification

Published on: November 15, 2017

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Last Updated: May 27, 2026

Isolation and Profiling of MicroRNA-containing Exosomes from Human Bile

Isolation and Profiling of MicroRNA-containing Exosomes from Human Bile

Published on: June 13, 2016

Deep Proteome Profiling by Isobaric Labeling, Extensive Liquid Chromatography, Mass Spectrometry, and Software-assisted Quantification

Deep Proteome Profiling by Isobaric Labeling, Extensive Liquid Chromatography, Mass Spectrometry, and Software-assisted Quantification

Published on: November 15, 2017

Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Proteomics
Analytical Chemistry

Background:

Bile performs essential metabolic and transport functions.
Bile contains proteins from the hepatobiliary system.
Previous catalogs of biliary proteins lack in-depth analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

To conduct an in-depth analysis of the human bile proteome.
To identify and catalog the proteins present in bile.
To establish a baseline for future biomarker discovery in hepatobiliary cancers.

Main Methods:

Fractionation of non-cancerous bile samples using SDS-PAGE, SCX, and OFFGEL.
Mass spectrometry (MS) analysis using an LTQ-Orbitrap Velos instrument.
High-resolution MS and MS/MS analysis for protein identification.

Main Results:

Identification of 2552 proteins in human bile.
This represents the largest number of proteins reported in human bile to date.
No previous study has reported such a detailed catalog of any body fluid proteome using high-resolution MS.

Conclusions:

Extensive fractionation coupled with high-resolution MS is a robust methodology for body fluid proteome characterization.
The generated bile proteome catalog serves as a crucial baseline for cancer biomarker research.
This study advances the field of biliary proteomics and biomarker discovery.