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Increased functional selectivity over development in rostrolateral prefrontal cortex.

Carter Wendelken1, Elizabeth D O'Hare, Kirstie J Whitaker

  • 1Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. cwendelken@berkeley.edu

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|November 25, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Relational reasoning develops through childhood, with brain regions like the inferior parietal lobe (IPL) and rostrolateral prefrontal cortex (RLPFC) becoming more specialized. This specialization supports higher-order thinking by refining how the brain processes complex relationships.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Developmental Neuroscience
  • Neuroimaging

Background:

  • Relational reasoning is crucial for high-level cognition and abstract thought.
  • This capacity develops significantly during childhood and adolescence.
  • Previous adult fMRI studies suggest distinct roles for the inferior parietal lobe (IPL) and rostrolateral prefrontal cortex (RLPFC) in relational reasoning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neural mechanisms underlying the emergence of relational reasoning in children and adolescents.
  • To test the hypothesis that IPL represents first-order relations and RLPFC integrates these for second-order relations.
  • To examine developmental changes in brain activity and structure related to relational reasoning.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and cortical thickness measurements were collected from 85 children and adolescents (ages 6-18).
  • Participants completed a relational matching task involving first-order (feature matching) and second-order (relation-matching) judgments.
  • Analysis focused on age-related changes in brain activation patterns and cortical structure within key brain regions.

Main Results:

  • fMRI data revealed increased functional selectivity in the RLPFC and IPL with age.
  • Younger children showed indiscriminate activation in RLPFC and IPL for both judgment types.
  • Activation for first-order relations decreased with age, while second-order relation activation remained high.
  • Cortical thinning in the IPL partially explained increased functional selectivity in the RLPFC.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides evidence for the developmental specialization of IPL and RLPFC in supporting relational reasoning from childhood to adolescence.
  • These findings illuminate the neural basis for the emergence of complex cognitive abilities, including abstract thought.
  • Developmental changes in brain structure, such as cortical thinning, contribute to the refinement of cognitive functions.