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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...
Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction01:26

Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction

Diabetes mellitus consists of chronic metabolic disorders characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. This elevated blood glucose results from defects in insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both. Insulin, produced by pancreatic β-cells, is essential for maintaining glucose homeostasis by facilitating cellular glucose uptake for energy or storage. Disruptions in insulin production or function lead to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream, causing the clinical features and long-term...
Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis01:25

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops gradually and is often asymptomatic in early stages.Clinical ManifestationsWhen symptoms appear, they include fatigue, blurred vision, pruritus, delayed wound healing, and recurrent infections, particularly candidal infections. Peripheral neuropathy may present as numbness or tingling in the extremities. Classic hyperglycemia symptoms—polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia—are less common. Most patients are overweight and frequently have associated hypertension...
Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is based on...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Monitoring Blood Glucose in Mouse Offspring After Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection
06:11

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Published on: May 17, 2024

Pregnancy and diabetes.

David R McCance1

  • 1Regional Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK. david.mccance@belfasttrust.hscni.net

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
|November 26, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pregnancy complicated by diabetes, including type 1 and type 2, still shows higher risks for perinatal mortality and birth defects. Improving pre-conception planning and implementing new diagnostic guidelines for gestational diabetes are crucial for better maternal and infant outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Endocrinology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Pregnancy with diabetes continues to have significantly higher rates of perinatal mortality and congenital malformations compared to the general population.
  • Increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes in pregnancy presents similar or worse outcomes than type 1 diabetes.
  • Despite established importance of periconceptual glycemic control, pregnancy planning rates remain low for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current challenges and advancements in managing diabetes in pregnancy.
  • To highlight the implications of recent research on gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) diagnosis and screening.
  • To discuss the evolving landscape of therapeutic options and long-term health implications for mother and child.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent landmark trials and consensus guidelines on gestational diabetes mellitus.
  • Analysis of trends in maternal hyperglycaemia management and obstetric surveillance.
  • Synthesis of data on perinatal outcomes and congenital malformation rates in diabetic pregnancies.

Main Results:

  • Gestational diabetes mellitus is increasingly recognized as a distinct diagnostic entity, supported by recent trials.
  • Translating new diagnostic and screening guidelines for GDM into clinical practice poses challenges.
  • An expanding range of treatments and growing awareness of long-term consequences are emerging.

Conclusions:

  • Despite advances, diabetic pregnancies face persistent high risks, necessitating improved management strategies.
  • Effective implementation of GDM guidelines and enhanced pregnancy planning are essential.
  • Addressing the long-term health implications for mothers and children requires coordinated clinical care, research, and public health initiatives.