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Related Concept Videos

Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation01:21

Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation

Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...
Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes01:28

Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes

The human leg comprises an intricate system of muscles that facilitate the movement of feet and toes. Within this system, the muscles are categorized into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments, each with a unique set of muscles carrying out specific functions.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment includes muscles that contribute to the dorsiflexion of the foot. This compartment houses the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus muscles.
Veins of Lower Limbs01:15

Veins of Lower Limbs

The human body consists of an intricate network of veins responsible for the crucial task of blood drainage from the lower limbs. These veins can be categorized into two main types: deep veins and superficial veins.
Formed by the union of the medial and lateral plantar veins, the posterior tibial vein, rising through the calf muscle, assimilates the fibular vein. The anterior tibial vein, a superior extension of the foot's dorsalis pedis vein, merges with the posterior tibial vein at the knee,...
Pulse Assessment Sites01:11

Pulse Assessment Sites

Pulse assessment sites are crucial in evaluating a patient's cardiovascular health. By assessing the pulsations of arteries at specific anatomical locations, healthcare professionals can gather valuable information about blood flow, heart rate, and peripheral circulation. Understanding these pulse assessment sites is essential for conducting comprehensive cardiovascular evaluations and monitoring patients' overall health. These sites are strategically chosen due to the accessibility and...
Muscles that Move the Leg01:23

Muscles that Move the Leg

The movement of the legs is facilitated by numerous muscles located within the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh.
Anterior Compartment
The quadriceps femoris, the most visible muscle of the anterior compartment, is integral for leg extension and thigh flexion. It is formed by merging four distinct muscles — the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris. The quadriceps tendon, a shared tendon of the four quadriceps muscles, is affixed to...
Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) predominantly results from atherosclerosis, which involves the accumulation of fatty deposits, or plaques, within the walls of arteries. This causes them to narrow and harden, significantly reducing blood flow. PAD predominantly affects the legs, particularly the arteries supplying the thighs and calves. In rare cases, it may involve other arteries, including those in the arms.Etiology of PAD:The principal cause of PAD is atherosclerosis, which results from fatty...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

A Novel Non-invasive Method for the Detection of Elevated Intra-compartmental Pressures of the Leg
04:34

A Novel Non-invasive Method for the Detection of Elevated Intra-compartmental Pressures of the Leg

Published on: May 31, 2019

Popliteal entrapment syndrome.

Sidhartha Sinha1, Jon Houghton, Peter J Holt

  • 1St George's Vascular Institute, London, United Kingdom.

Journal of Vascular Surgery
|November 26, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Popliteal entrapment syndrome (PES) is a rare cause of leg pain in young people. Current evidence is insufficient to recommend specific diagnostic or surgical methods due to poor study quality.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 27, 2026

A Novel Non-invasive Method for the Detection of Elevated Intra-compartmental Pressures of the Leg
04:34

A Novel Non-invasive Method for the Detection of Elevated Intra-compartmental Pressures of the Leg

Published on: May 31, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Vascular Surgery
  • Diagnostic Imaging
  • Systematic Review

Background:

  • Popliteal entrapment syndrome (PES) is an uncommon cause of intermittent claudication in younger individuals.
  • Optimal diagnostic and management strategies for PES, including functional variants, remain debated.
  • This review systematically analyzes the existing literature on PES to inform potential evidence-based guidelines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically catalog published English-language literature on Popliteal Entrapment Syndrome (PES).
  • To assess the evidence base for diagnostic modalities and management strategies for PES.
  • To determine if evidence-based guidelines for PES management can be formulated from the current literature.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature search was conducted across multiple databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, AMED, CINAHL) for articles published from 1947 to December 2010.
  • The review adhered to PRISMA standards, analyzing prospective studies and retrospective case series with over five patients.
  • Data on arterial, venous, and nerve entrapment, diagnostic tests, and surgical outcomes were evaluated on a narrative basis.

Main Results:

  • The search yielded 44 relevant articles from 291 identified, with 30 focusing on Popliteal Artery Entrapment Syndrome (PAES).
  • Arteriography demonstrated high sensitivity (97%) for PAES diagnosis, but reconstructive surgery had a significant median failure rate of 27.5%.
  • Only 12 studies reported post-operative asymptomatic rates (median 77%), highlighting variability and limited data.

Conclusions:

  • A substantial body of retrospective data exists for PES, but study quality is insufficient for definitive conclusions on diagnostic or surgical approaches.
  • The high failure rate reported after surgery necessitates caution, as current evidence does not support specific procedures.
  • Future improvements in PES management require prospectively collected data with standardized reporting and follow-up protocols.