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Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic cell—any cell that is not a sex...

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic cell—any cell that is not a sex...

In Vitro Fertilization

In Vitro Fertilization

In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a form of assisted reproductive technology where an egg is fertilized with sperm in a controlled laboratory environment before transferring the resulting embryo into the uterus. This process is designed to help individuals and couples experiencing difficulties conceiving.
The IVF process begins with ovarian stimulation, during which reproductive endocrinologists prescribe hormonal medications to stimulate the ovaries to produce multiple eggs instead of the single...

Infertility in Males

Infertility in Males

Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...

Infertility in Females

Infertility in Females

Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
Endometriosis, a condition characterized by abnormal growth of endometrial...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Collection of Human Follicular Fluid, Follicle Somatic Cells, and Immature Oocytes from Individuals Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization

Collection of Human Follicular Fluid, Follicle Somatic Cells, and Immature Oocytes from Individuals Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization

Published on: October 24, 2025

Reproductive medicine gets a new tool.

Wei-Xia Ang¹, Cheng-Xu Delon Toh, Huck-Hui Ng

¹Epigenetics and Cell Fates Laboratory, A*STAR Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore 138648, Singapore.

Journal of Molecular Cell Biology

|November 26, 2011

Summary

Scientists generated functional sperm from stem cells, offering hope for male infertility. This breakthrough could lead to healthy offspring for couples facing fertility challenges.

Area of Science:

Reproductive biology
Stem cell science
Developmental biology

Background:

Male infertility affects millions globally, necessitating innovative treatment strategies.
Current treatments for male infertility have limitations, driving research into alternative solutions.
Stem cells offer a promising source for regenerative medicine and cell-based therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the potential of generating functional spermatozoa from pluripotent stem cells.
To assess the developmental potential of sperm derived from embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells.
To explore a novel therapeutic approach for male infertility.

Main Methods:

Generation of germ cells from mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).

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Last Updated: May 27, 2026

Collection of Human Follicular Fluid, Follicle Somatic Cells, and Immature Oocytes from Individuals Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization

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In vitro differentiation protocols to promote spermatogenesis.

Assessment of sperm morphology, motility, and DNA integrity.

In vivo studies to evaluate the fertility potential of generated spermatozoa.

Main Results:

Successful generation of functional spermatozoa from both ESCs and iPSCs.
Spermatozoa exhibited normal morphology and motility.
Fertility assessment demonstrated the ability of these spermatozoa to produce healthy offspring.
The study established a proof-of-concept for stem cell-derived gametes.

Conclusions:

Stem cell-derived spermatozoa represent a significant advancement in addressing male infertility.
This technology holds potential for future reproductive therapies.
Further research is warranted to translate these findings into clinical applications.