Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 27, 2026

Induction of Ocular Surface Inflammation and Collection of Involved Tissues
Published on: August 4, 2022
Systemic therapy with conventional and novel immunomodulatory agents for ocular inflammatory disease
Khayyam Durrani1, Fouad R Zakka, Muna Ahmed
1Massachusetts Eye Research and Surgery Institution, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
Abstract:
Ocular inflammatory disease is the third leading cause of blindness in the United States. In addition to the conventional immunomodulatory agents, which include antimetabolites, alkylating agents, and antibiotics such as cyclosporine, many of which have been used in the treatment of this disease for decades, several new treatment modalities have emerged within the past 10 years. We review in detail the characteristics, safety, and efficacy of the conventional immunomodulators, the more novel agents such as the biologics, and investigational drugs that appear promising in the treatment of ocular inflammatory disease.
Related Concept Videos
Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment
Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents
Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems
Inflammatory Bowel Disease IV: Pharmacological Management
Pharmacologic...
Tumor Immunotherapy