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Related Concept Videos

Ankle Joint01:10

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula01:10

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...
Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris group...
Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes01:28

Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes

The human leg comprises an intricate system of muscles that facilitate the movement of feet and toes. Within this system, the muscles are categorized into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments, each with a unique set of muscles carrying out specific functions.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment includes muscles that contribute to the dorsiflexion of the foot. This compartment houses the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus muscles.
Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the neck...
Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section01:21

Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section

When a material is subjected to uniaxial stress, it elongates or contracts in the direction of the applied force, and also undergoes changes in the perpendicular directions. This behavior is crucial for understanding how materials behave under stress and is governed by mechanical properties such as Poisson's ratio v, which measures the ratio of transverse strain to axial strain.
As the material stretches, it expands or contracts in orthogonal directions to the load. This phenomenon varies...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Clinical-oriented Three-dimensional Gait Analysis Method for Evaluating Gait Disorder
06:54

Clinical-oriented Three-dimensional Gait Analysis Method for Evaluating Gait Disorder

Published on: March 4, 2018

The crossover toe and valgus toe deformity.

James Sferra1, Steven Arndt

  • 1Cleveland Clinic Main Campus, Mail Code A40, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA. SFERRAJ@ccf.org

Foot and Ankle Clinics
|November 29, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Second toe pain and deformity are common forefoot issues. A systematic surgical approach, starting with soft tissue procedures and then osteotomies if needed, effectively treats these complex problems.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic surgery
  • Podiatric medicine
  • Foot and ankle anatomy

Background:

  • Second toe problems represent a frequent cause of forefoot pain and deformity.
  • The second metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint is particularly susceptible due to its location near the hallux and restricted movement at the second tarsometatarsal joint.
  • Various etiologies contribute to these conditions, necessitating diverse surgical interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a systematic surgical strategy for addressing second toe deformities.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of a phased approach involving soft tissue procedures and osteotomies.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic approach is employed, prioritizing soft tissue releases and plication.
  • Osteotomies are utilized as a secondary measure when necessary.
  • The study focuses on achieving satisfactory outcomes in treating complex second toe deformities.

Main Results:

  • The described systematic approach has demonstrated satisfactory outcomes.
  • This method effectively manages difficult cases of second toe pain and deformity.

Conclusions:

  • A structured, stepwise surgical technique is crucial for successful treatment of second toe problems.
  • Combining soft tissue management with osteotomies, when indicated, provides a reliable solution for complex forefoot deformities.