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Related Concept Videos

Osmotic Pressure01:26

Osmotic Pressure

Osmosis is a process where solvent molecules move toward a solution through a semipermeable membrane. As the solution dilutes due to the entry of solvent, it expands. This expansion increases the hydrostatic pressure of the solution. When the hydrostatic pressure equals the osmotic pressure, osmosis stops.Osmotic pressure, denoted by Π, is the minimum pressure needed to prevent the solvent from passing into the solution by osmosis. The van 't Hoff equation calculates the osmotic pressure of an...
Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure of Solutions02:40

Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure of Solutions

A number of natural and synthetic materials exhibit selective permeation, meaning that only molecules or ions of a certain size, shape, polarity, charge, and so forth, are capable of passing through (permeating) the material. Biological cell membranes provide elegant examples of selective permeation in nature, while dialysis tubing used to remove metabolic wastes from blood is a more simplistic technological example. Regardless of how they may be fabricated, these materials are generally...
Osmosis00:47

Osmosis

Approximately 60% to 95% of the weight of living organisms is attributed to water. Therefore, maintaining appropriate water balance within cells is of paramount importance. Osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane, such as a cell’s plasma membrane. In living organisms, water plays a crucial role as a solvent—a molecule that dissolves other molecules.
Osmosis01:30

Osmosis

Osmosis is the movement of free water molecules through a semipermeable membrane.  The water's concentration gradient across the membrane is inversely proportional to the solutes' concentration. Whereas diffusion transports material across membranes and within cells, osmosis transports only water across a membrane, and the membrane limits the diffusion of solutes in the water. Osmosis is a special case of diffusion.
Water, like other substances, moves from a high concentration of free water...
The Colloidal State01:29

The Colloidal State

The formation of a colloidal system is exemplified by an aqueous solution containing Cl− ions is introduced to another containing Ag+ ions, resulting in the precipitation of solid AgCl as extremely tiny crystals. Instead of settling out as a filterable precipitate, these crystals remain suspended in the liquid, showcasing a colloidal system.A colloidal system involves colloidal particles within the approximate range of 1 to 1000 nm in at least one dimension, dispersed in a medium called the...
Theory of Strong Electrolytes01:23

Theory of Strong Electrolytes

The interionic forces of the strong electrolytes depend on the solvent's dielectric constant, which is the ability of a solvent to store electrical energy, based on its polarizability. and the solution's concentration. In high-dielectric solvents and in dilute solutions, weak electrostatic forces keep ions apart. However, in low-dielectric solvents or concentrated solutions, stronger interionic forces may cause ions to pair up as ionic doublets despite being fully ionized. The theory of strong...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Confocal Imaging of Confined Quiescent and Flowing Colloid-polymer Mixtures
10:56

Confocal Imaging of Confined Quiescent and Flowing Colloid-polymer Mixtures

Published on: May 20, 2014

Collective osmotic shock in ordered materials.

Paul Zavala-Rivera, Kevin Channon, Vincent Nguyen

    Nature Materials
    |November 29, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Collective osmotic shock causes coordinated explosive fractures in materials, creating regular bicontinuous structures. This phenomenon, demonstrated in block copolymers, offers new possibilities for advanced material design.

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    Modulating Shape of Polyester Based Polymersomes using Osmotic Pressure

    Published on: April 21, 2021

    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Nanotechnology
    • Physical Chemistry

    Background:

    • Osmotic shock, a known failure mechanism for cells and metal alloys, involves membrane rupture due to water influx alleviating salt gradients.
    • This study extends the concept of osmotic shock to ordered materials, proposing 'collective osmotic shock' for controlled material failure.

    Discussion:

    • Collective osmotic shock is achieved through multiplexing singular osmotic shock effects at discrete sites within an ordered material.
    • This coordinated fracture results in the formation of regular bicontinuous structures.
    • The concept is demonstrated using self-assembled block copolymer micelles but is applicable to other organized heterogeneous materials.

    Key Insights:

    • A novel mechanism, collective osmotic shock, enables the creation of structured materials through controlled explosive fracture.
    • Block copolymer micelles serve as a model system to demonstrate this phenomenon.
    • The process involves selective degradation and solvation of a minority component within a plastically deformable matrix.

    Outlook:

    • The resulting self-supported, perforated multilayer materials have potential applications in photonics, nanofiltration, and optoelectronics.
    • This approach offers a new pathway for fabricating complex nanostructures with tailored properties.
    • Further research can explore the scalability and specific applications of these novel materials.