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Related Concept Videos

Language Development01:22

Language Development

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Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
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The sensorimotor stage, the initial phase of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, spans the first two years of a child's life. During this period, infants actively engage with their surroundings, building cognitive awareness through direct interaction with the world. This interaction is primarily based on sensory perception and motor actions, allowing infants to gradually understand basic physical properties and predict how objects interact within their environment.
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According to George Herbert Mead, as children progress beyond the game stage, they develop a more comprehensive understanding of societal rules and norms. This cognitive and social development enables them to internalize the expectations of the broader community, refining their ability to regulate behavior.Consistent participation in organized activities is crucial in helping children recognize that their actions are not isolated but contribute to a more significant, interconnected group...
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Counterfactual Thinking01:19

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Counterfactual thinking is a cognitive process wherein individuals mentally reconstruct alternative versions of past events, often beginning with “what if” or “if only.” This reflective mechanism plays a significant role in shaping emotional experiences and guiding future behavior. Though typically triggered by unfavorable or unexpected outcomes, counterfactual thinking can also emerge in mundane, everyday decisions and experiences, revealing its deep entrenchment in...
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Decreasing Function01:27

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A decreasing function describes a relationship where the output consistently declines as the input increases. This means that for any two input values, if one is greater than the other, the corresponding output is smaller. Mathematically, a function f is decreasing on an interval I if for every x1 < x2​ in I, f (x1) > f (x2). This type of behavior is visually identified on a graph that slopes downward from left to right.The nature of a function can be analyzed by calculating...
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Transformations of Functions I01:29

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A function's graph can be modified by changing its position or size without altering its overall shape. These transformations allow the graph to be moved across the coordinate plane while preserving its pattern and structure. One of the most common transformations is shifting, which repositions the graph without distorting it.When the output of a function is adjusted by adding or subtracting a constant, the graph shifts vertically. A positive value moves the graph upward, while a negative value...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language
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Downward entailment in child Mandarin.

Yi Esther Su1, Peng Zhou, Stephen Crain

  • 1Macquarie University, Australia. esther.su@mq.edu.au

Journal of Child Language
|November 30, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Downward entailment, a core linguistic property, is investigated in Mandarin-speaking children. The study supports that downward entailment is a fundamental aspect of human language acquisition and development.

Area of Science:

  • Linguistics
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Core linguistic properties are universal, unify phenomena, and emerge early in development.
  • Downward entailment is a semantic property proposed as a candidate for a core linguistic property.
  • Understanding children's acquisition of such properties sheds light on language universals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether downward entailment is a core linguistic property.
  • To examine Mandarin-speaking children's knowledge of downward entailment.
  • To explore two distinct facets of downward entailment in early language development.

Main Methods:

  • Two experimental studies were conducted with Mandarin-speaking children.
  • The experiments focused on assessing children's comprehension and/or production related to downward entailment.

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  • Data were analyzed to determine patterns consistent with core linguistic principles.

    • Main Results:

    • Children demonstrated knowledge of downward entailment, supporting its role as a core linguistic property.
    • Findings indicate that this semantic property is accessible early in language acquisition.
    • The results align with the hypothesis that downward entailment is a fundamental aspect of human language.

    Conclusions:

    • Downward entailment is a core property of human languages.
    • This property emerges early in language development, consistent with other core linguistic features.
    • The study contributes to the understanding of semantic universals in child language.