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Related Concept Videos

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors01:19

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors

α-glucosidase inhibitors, including acarbose (Precose), miglitol (Glyset), and voglibose (Voglib) (primarily available in Asia), are drugs that control blood sugar levels by delaying the digestion of starch and disaccharides. They achieve this by inhibiting α-glucosidase enzymes in the intestine, which slow the absorption of carbohydrates in the intestine, which in turn leads to a prolonged release of the glucoregulatory hormone GLP-1 from intestinal L-cells.
Acarbose and miglitol are typically...
Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...
Diabetic Neuropathy01:22

Diabetic Neuropathy

DefinitionDiabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by long-standing diabetes mellitus. It results directly from prolonged high blood sugar levels.PathophysiologyThe pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves both metabolic and vascular disturbances triggered by chronic hyperglycemia.Metabolic injury: Elevated glucose levels activate the polyol pathway within nerve cells, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose. This increases oxidative stress, disrupts normal nerve...

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Diabetes and alpha lipoic Acid.

Saeid Golbidi1, Mohammad Badran, Ismail Laher

  • 1Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada.

Frontiers in Pharmacology
|November 30, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Alpha lipoic acid (ALA) is an antioxidant that may help manage diabetic complications. Clinical trials suggest ALA supplementation offers the clearest benefit for patients experiencing diabetic neuropathy.

Keywords:
alpha lipoic acidantioxidantdiabetesnephropathyneuropathyoxidative stress

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Metabolic Disorders
  • Oxidative Stress

Background:

  • Diabetes mellitus is characterized by increased oxidative stress, contributing to its pathogenesis.
  • Antioxidants are being investigated as complementary therapies for managing diabetic complications.
  • Alpha lipoic acid (ALA) is a naturally occurring antioxidant with a key role in mitochondrial bioenergetics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the biochemical properties of ALA.
  • To discuss oxidative mechanisms in diabetic complications.
  • To explore ALA's potential mechanisms for ameliorating these complications.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of ALA's biochemical properties.
  • Analysis of oxidative stress mechanisms in diabetes.
  • Summary of clinical trial findings on ALA in diabetic patients.

Main Results:

  • ALA functions as a potent antioxidant, quenching reactive oxygen species and regenerating other antioxidants.
  • ALA enhances the antioxidant defense system via Nrf-2 and PPAR pathways.
  • ALA inhibits NF-kB and activates AMPK, influencing skeletal muscle metabolism.

Conclusions:

  • ALA exhibits diverse mechanisms of action in managing diabetic complications.
  • Clinical evidence suggests ALA supplementation is most beneficial for diabetic neuropathy.
  • Further research into ALA's multifaceted therapeutic potential is warranted.