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Related Concept Videos

Chronic Pharyngitis01:23

Chronic Pharyngitis

Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...
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Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract

The human respiratory tract, comprising the upper and lower segments, serves as a critical interface with the external environment. The upper respiratory tract (URT)—including the nostrils, sinuses, pharynx, and oropharynx—is heavily colonized by microbes, while the lower respiratory tract (LRT), composed of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, was long thought to be sterile. However, recent molecular studies have revealed that the lungs are not devoid of microbes but act more like...
Colonisation of Pathogens01:25

Colonisation of Pathogens

Pathogen colonization of host tissues is a critical step in the development of infectious diseases. Various pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa, have evolved complex strategies to attach to, invade, and persist within host environments. These mechanisms enable pathogens to establish infections, evade immune responses, and resist antimicrobial treatments.Attachment to Host CellsIn bacteria, colonization typically begins with adherence to host epithelial...
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Chronic Inflammation: Introduction

Chronic inflammation is a prolonged, dysregulated immune response that persists for weeks to years when the inciting stimulus is difficult to eradicate or when self‑antigens drive ongoing reactivity. Morphologically, it is defined by mononuclear cell infiltration, progressive tissue destruction, and concurrent attempts at healing via angiogenesis and fibrosis. Compared with acute inflammation, edema is less prominent while cellular infiltration predominates; triggers include persistent...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features01:24

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features

Chronic bronchitis is a key phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by airway-centered inflammation and mucus overproduction. It develops from long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases, most commonly cigarette smoke, which triggers a persistent inflammatory response.Cellular and Structural ChangesInflammation initially affects the large bronchi and later the smaller airways, with infiltration by immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and...
Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...

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Updated: May 27, 2026

Characterization of Inflammatory Responses During Intranasal Colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae
09:12

Characterization of Inflammatory Responses During Intranasal Colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae

Published on: January 17, 2014

Bacterial colonization or infection in chronic sinusitis.

Nenad Pandak1, Ivana Pajić-Penavić, Alen Sekelj

  • 1Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital "Dr. Josip Benčević", Slavonski Brod, Croatia. nenad.pandak@bolnicasb.hr

Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift
|December 1, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This study found bacteria commonly colonize chronic sinusitis (CS) sinuses, not infect them. Researchers suggest avoiding routine antibiotics for CS, reserving them for acute exacerbations to manage inflammation effectively.

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Published on: February 23, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Microbiology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Chronic sinusitis (CS) is a complex condition involving sinus inflammation.
  • The role of bacterial presence in CS pathogenesis, distinguishing colonization from infection, remains debated.
  • Current treatment often involves antibiotics, but their efficacy in non-infected CS is questionable.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify bacteria in maxillary and ethmoid sinuses of CS patients.
  • To correlate sinus bacteria with nasopharyngeal flora.
  • To determine if bacteria colonize or infect sinus mucosa in CS.

Main Methods:

  • Cultured nasopharyngeal and sinus swabs from 65 patients undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery.
  • Determined leukocyte presence in swabs.
  • Analyzed bacterial species and correlated findings with clinical presentation.

Main Results:

  • Bacterial growth was found in 72.31% of sinus swabs.
  • Commonly identified sinus bacteria included Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella spp., and Streptococci.
  • Low leukocyte counts were observed in both sinus and nasopharyngeal swabs, suggesting minimal acute inflammation.

Conclusions:

  • Sinus mucosa in chronic sinusitis is primarily colonized by bacteria, not infected.
  • Routine antibiotic therapy for CS is not recommended; focus should be on managing inflammation.
  • Antibiotics should be reserved for acute exacerbations, targeting common pathogens, and adjusted if therapy fails.