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Updated: May 27, 2026

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm
Published on: April 28, 2016
Production benefits both recollection and familiarity
Jason D Ozubko1, Nigel Gopie, Colin M MacLeod
1Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, 3560 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario M6A 2E1, Canada. jdozubko@rotman-baycrest.on.ca
Abstract:
In three experiments, we investigated the roles of recollection and familiarity in the production effect--the finding that words read aloud are remembered better than words read silently. Experiment 1, using the remember/know procedure, and Experiment 2, using the receiver operating characteristic procedure, converged in demonstrating that production enhanced both recollection and familiarity. Experiment 3 supported the role of recollection by demonstrating that specific episodic information--that is, whether a word had been studied aloud or silently--was stronger for items studied aloud. These findings fit with an explanation of the production effect as hinging on two factors: greater recollection of distinctive information from the study episode, and more familiarity due to greater attention allocated to the material studied aloud.
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