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Related Concept Videos

Regulated Protein Degradation02:58

Regulated Protein Degradation

It is vital to regulate the activity of enzymatic as well as non-enzymatic proteins inside the cell. This can be achieved either through creating a balance between their rate of synthesis and degradation or regulating the intrinsic activity of the protein. Both these regulation mechanisms play an essential role in the normal functioning of cells.
Protein degradation plays two important roles in the cells. It helps to protect cells from misfolded or damaged proteins before they lead to a...
Regulated Protein Degradation02:58

Regulated Protein Degradation

It is vital to regulate the activity of enzymatic as well as non-enzymatic proteins inside the cell. This can be achieved either through creating a balance between their rate of synthesis and degradation or regulating the intrinsic activity of the protein. Both these regulation mechanisms play an essential role in the normal functioning of cells.
Protein degradation plays two important roles in the cells. It helps to protect cells from misfolded or damaged proteins before they lead to a...
The Proteasome01:13

The Proteasome

Eukaryotic cells can degrade proteins through several pathways. One of the most important among these is the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. It helps the cell eliminate the misfolded, damaged, or unwarranted cytoplasmic proteins in a highly specific manner.
In this pathway, the target proteins are first tagged with small proteins called ubiquitin. This involves participation of a series of enzymes including— E1 (ubiquitin-activating enzyme), E2 (ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme), and E3 (ubiquitin...
The Proteasome02:18

The Proteasome

Eukaryotic cells can degrade proteins through several pathways. One of the most important amongst these is the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. It helps the cell eliminate the misfolded, damaged, or unwarranted cytoplasmic proteins in a highly specific manner.
In this pathway, the target proteins are first tagged with small proteins called ubiquitin. A series of enzymes carry out the ubiquitination of the target proteins - E1 (ubiquitin-activating enzyme), E2 (ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme), and E3...
Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.
Integration of Synaptic Events01:28

Integration of Synaptic Events

Synaptic integration mainly includes the summation of graded potentials. Graded potentials, regardless of their type, cause subtle alterations in membrane voltage, resulting in either depolarization or hyperpolarization. These incremental changes, when combined or summed, can propel the neuron toward its threshold. Consider, for example, a membrane experiencing a +15 mV shift, causing it to depolarize from -70 mV to -55 mV. In this scenario, graded potentials govern the membrane's ability to...

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In Vitro Ubiquitination and Deubiquitination Assays of Nucleosomal Histones
11:36

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Published on: July 25, 2019

Ubiquitin homeostasis is critical for synaptic development and function.

Ping-Chung Chen1, Bula J Bhattacharyya, John Hanna

  • 1Department of Neurobiology, Civitan International Research Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|December 2, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Loss of Usp14 in ataxia mice causes ubiquitin deficiency, leading to neurological and synaptic defects. Restoring ubiquitin levels corrects these deficits, highlighting ubiquitin homeostasis

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Last Updated: May 27, 2026

In Vitro Ubiquitination and Deubiquitination Assays of Nucleosomal Histones
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Published on: May 14, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) regulates protein levels and is crucial for neuronal function.
  • Ataxia (ax(J)) mice exhibit neurological and synaptic deficits due to a mutation in Usp14, a deubiquitinating enzyme vital for ubiquitin recycling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of ubiquitin deficiency in the neurological defects of ataxia (ax(J)) mice.
  • To determine if restoring ubiquitin levels can ameliorate the observed deficits.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized transgenic complementation in ataxia (ax(J)) mice, expressing ubiquitin specifically in neurons.
  • Assessed the impact of restored ubiquitin levels on postnatal lethality, muscle mass, and developmental/functional deficits.

Main Results:

  • Transgenic expression of neuronally expressed ubiquitin prevented early death and restored muscle mass in ax(J) mice.
  • Corrected developmental and functional deficits associated with Usp14 loss, confirming ubiquitin deficiency as a primary cause.
  • Observed normal induction of proteasome components and altered polyubiquitin chain formation during early postnatal development.

Conclusions:

  • Ubiquitin deficiency is a major contributor to the neurological and synaptic dysfunction observed in Usp14-deficient mice.
  • Maintaining ubiquitin homeostasis is critical for proper synaptic development and function.
  • Ubiquitin deficiency may play a role in diseases characterized by synaptic dysfunction.