Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 27, 2026
09:34
A Method to Estimate Cadaveric Femur Cortical Strains During Fracture Testing Using Digital Image Correlation
Published on: September 14, 2017
Crowd intelligence for the classification of fractures and beyond
Joseph Bernstein1, Joy S Long, Christian Veillette
1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Veterans Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America. orthodoc@uphs.upenn.edu
Plos One
|December 2, 2011
Summary
Group consensus diagnosis improves accuracy in fracture classification. Real-time internet-based consensus is feasible for medical diagnosis, enhancing diagnostic reliability.
Area of Science:
- Orthopaedic surgery
- Medical imaging analysis
- Diagnostic accuracy
Background:
- Medical diagnosis is prone to human error.
- Fracture classification diagnostic errors can potentially be reduced through consensus.
- Digital imaging and internet technologies may enable real-time diagnostic consensus.
Purpose of the Study:
- To test if group (consensus) diagnosis reduces errors in fracture classification.
- To assess the feasibility of compiling a diagnostic consensus in real-time using the internet.
Main Methods:
- Twelve orthopaedic surgeons evaluated 20 hip radiographs for femoral neck fracture displacement.
- Virtual reader groups (3 and 5 members) were formed using majority vote to assess accuracy improvement.
- A real-time internet-based group diagnosis feasibility study involved 40 volunteers responding to email requests.
Main Results:
- Individual inter-observer reliability for displacement diagnosis was a kappa coefficient of 0.69.
- Inter-observer reliability increased with group size: 0.77 for 3-member groups and 0.80 for 5-member groups.
- A 9-member consensus group was assembled in under 135.8 minutes, demonstrating feasibility of real-time internet-based diagnosis.
Conclusions:
- Consensus diagnosis shows potential for improving diagnostic accuracy in fracture classification.
- Utilizing the internet to assemble diagnostic groups in real-time is a feasible approach.
Related Concept Videos
01:18Classification of Bones
The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four major classes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Some classifications include a fifth type, the sesamoid bones, as a separate class, whereas others categorize them under short bones.
Long and Short Bones
The appendicular skeleton, particularly the upper and lower limbs, is primarily made of long and short bones. The long...
Long and Short Bones
The appendicular skeleton, particularly the upper and lower limbs, is primarily made of long and short bones. The long...
01:27Fractures: Bone Repair
Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the procedure...
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the procedure...
01:20Structural Classification of Joints
Joints, also known as articulations, are classified based on their structural characteristics, i.e., based on whether the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones are directly connected by fibrous connective tissue or cartilage, or whether the articulating surfaces contact each other within a fluid-filled joint cavity. These differences serve to divide the joints of the body into three structural classifications.
A fibrous joint is where the adjacent bones are united by fibrous connective...
A fibrous joint is where the adjacent bones are united by fibrous connective...
01:09Functional Classification of Joints
Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...
01:21Cellular Injury II: Classification
Cellular injury is any process that disrupts a cell’s ability to maintain homeostasis, leading to structural or functional changes. It is broadly classified based on etiology (cause) and mechanism of damage.Classification by EtiologyCellular injury may result from several causes. Hypoxic injury happens due to reduced oxygen delivery, most commonly from inadequate blood supply, such as arterial obstruction; for example, coronary artery thrombosis can cause myocardial infarction. Chemical injury...
01:30Classification of Connective Tissues
The connective tissues have different properties and functions in the human body. They are broadly categorized into proper, supporting, or fluid connective tissues.
Connective Tissue Proper
Connective tissue proper is the most abundant class of connective tissues. As its name implies, it predominantly connects different tissues in the body. Depending on the cell types, ground substance, viscosity, and fiber types in the ECM, connective tissue proper is further categorized into loose and dense.
Connective Tissue Proper
Connective tissue proper is the most abundant class of connective tissues. As its name implies, it predominantly connects different tissues in the body. Depending on the cell types, ground substance, viscosity, and fiber types in the ECM, connective tissue proper is further categorized into loose and dense.