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Related Concept Videos

MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...
MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...
Experimental RNAi02:15

Experimental RNAi

RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs02:57

piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs

PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

In Vivo Inhibition of MicroRNA to Decrease Tumor Growth in Mice
07:02

In Vivo Inhibition of MicroRNA to Decrease Tumor Growth in Mice

Published on: August 23, 2019

The microRNA-processing enzyme Dicer is essential for thyroid function.

Daniela Frezzetti1, Carla Reale, Gaetano Calì

  • 1IRGS Biogem s.c.ar.l., Ariano Irpino, Italy.

Plos One
|December 2, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are crucial for thyroid function. Loss of Dicer, essential for miRNA biogenesis, causes hypothyroidism and thyroid gland disruption in mice, highlighting miRNAs

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Retroviral Transduction of Helper T Cells as a Genetic Approach to Study Mechanisms Controlling their Differentiation and Function
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Retroviral Transduction of Helper T Cells as a Genetic Approach to Study Mechanisms Controlling their Differentiation and Function

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Last Updated: May 27, 2026

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Retroviral Transduction of Helper T Cells as a Genetic Approach to Study Mechanisms Controlling their Differentiation and Function
11:50

Retroviral Transduction of Helper T Cells as a Genetic Approach to Study Mechanisms Controlling their Differentiation and Function

Published on: November 4, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally.
  • Dicer is a key enzyme in miRNA biogenesis.
  • The role of miRNAs in thyroid gland function is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the functional role of miRNAs in thyroid gland physiology.
  • To determine the consequences of impaired miRNA processing in thyrocytes.

Main Methods:

  • Generation of a thyrocyte-specific Dicer conditional knockout mouse model.
  • Histological and molecular analysis of thyroid glands from knockout mice.
  • Assessment of thyroid function, body weight, and lifespan.

Main Results:

  • Thyroid gland development and early differentiation were unaffected by Dicer ablation.
  • Severe hypothyroidism developed postnatally in knockout mice.
  • Loss of follicular architecture, functional aberrations, and down-regulation of differentiation markers were observed.

Conclusions:

  • An intact miRNA processing machinery is essential for maintaining thyroid gland physiology.
  • Impaired miRNA biogenesis leads to thyroid dysfunction and developmental defects.
  • Deregulation of specific miRNAs may contribute to human thyroid disorders.