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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction01:22

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
Cranial and Spinal Meninges01:19

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cranial Meninges
These meningeal layers cover the cranium. The dura mater is the outermost layer of cranial meninges. It is a thick and durable membrane of dense...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Brain Abscess l: Introduction01:26

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial infections,...

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Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy and Pineal Biopsy from a Single Entry Point
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Incidental meningiomas.

Roukoz Chamoun1, Khaled M Krisht, William T Couldwell

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA.

Neurosurgical Focus
|December 3, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Most incidental meningiomas, or brain tumors found by chance, do not require immediate treatment. Observation with serial imaging is recommended for asymptomatic tumors, reserving surgery for large or symptomatic cases.

Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Neurology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Modern brain imaging frequently detects incidental meningiomas, posing a clinical dilemma regarding treatment necessity.
  • Natural history studies aim to clarify the growth potential of these incidentally discovered tumors.

Observation:

  • Incidental meningiomas exhibit three primary growth patterns: none, linear, or exponential.
  • Patient factors like age, medical condition, and surgical complication risks influence therapeutic decisions.

Findings:

  • Most asymptomatic incidental meningiomas can be managed non-surgically through serial imaging and clinical follow-up.
  • Malignancies and other mimicking pathologies require careful consideration.

Implications:

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  • This approach conserves resources and avoids unnecessary surgical risks for low-potential-growth meningiomas.
  • Defines criteria for surgical intervention, focusing on symptomatic or rapidly growing lesions.