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Ionic Association

Ionic Association

The ionic association is the association of oppositely charged ions in an electrolyte solution to form ion pairs. Bjerrum defined ion pairs as two oppositely charged ions whose electrostatic attraction exceeds the thermal energy of the system, typically expressed as 2kT. Electrostatic attraction depends on ionic charge, separation distance, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Thermal energy, represented by kT, reflects the tendency of ions to move independently due to molecular motion.

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...

Electrolytes: van't Hoff Factor

Electrolytes: van't Hoff Factor

Colligative Properties of ElectrolytesThe colligative properties of a solution depend only on the number, not on the identity, of solute species dissolved. The concentration terms in the equations for various colligative properties (freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, osmotic pressure) pertain to all solute species present in the solution. Nonelectrolytes dissolve physically without dissociation or any other accompanying process. Each molecule that dissolves yields one dissolved...

Ion Exchange

Ion Exchange

Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or basic...

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration

Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole attraction. These attractions play an important role in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water.
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, the ions in the solid separate and disperse uniformly throughout the solution because water molecules surround and solvate the ions, reducing the strong electrostatic forces between them. This process...

EDTA: Chemistry and Properties

EDTA: Chemistry and Properties

Polydentate ligands are most widely used in complexometric titrations because they form more stable complexes with the metal ions than mono- or bidentate ligands due to the chelate effect. Examples of polydentate ligands are ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), crown ethers, and cryptands. The most important feature of optimal polydentate ligands is the ability to form 1:1 complexes in a single-step process. Amino carboxylic acid derivatives are frequently used as complexing agents. EDTA is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Merging Ion Concentration Polarization between Juxtaposed Ion Exchange Membranes to Block the Propagation of the Polarization Zone

Merging Ion Concentration Polarization between Juxtaposed Ion Exchange Membranes to Block the Propagation of the Polarization Zone

Published on: February 23, 2017

Polyelectrolytes in multivalent salt solutions.

Kun-Mao Wu¹, Yu-Fu Wei, Pai-Yi Hsiao

¹Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC.

Electrophoresis

|December 3, 2011

Summary

Polyelectrolyte chains in tetravalent salt solutions shrink and re-expand with salt concentration. Electric fields cause chain elongation, impacting their electrophoretic mobility and ion distribution.

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Assembly and Characterization of Polyelectrolyte Complex Micelles

Assembly and Characterization of Polyelectrolyte Complex Micelles

Published on: March 2, 2020

Area of Science:

Polymer Physics
Computational Chemistry
Physical Chemistry

Background:

Polyelectrolytes (PEs) exhibit complex behavior in solution.
Tetravalent salt solutions introduce unique ionic interactions.
Electric fields significantly influence charged polymer dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate conformational and electrophoretic properties of PEs.
Analyze the impact of salt concentration and electric fields on PE behavior.
Understand the molecular-level electrokinetics in PE solutions.

Main Methods:

Molecular dynamics simulations were employed.
Chain conformations were analyzed as a function of salt concentration (C(s)).
Critical electric field strengths (E*) were determined using multiple estimators.

Main Results:

PE chains display a globular collapse and subsequent re-expansion with increasing C(s).
An external electric field elongates chains above a critical strength (E*), dependent on C(s).
Electrophoretic mobility increases with chain unfolding under strong electric fields.

Conclusions:

The study elucidates the intricate interplay between salt concentration, electric fields, and PE conformation.
Critical field strength scaling with chain length was established.
Findings offer insights into micro/nanofluidic applications involving polyelectrolytes.