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Related Concept Videos

Breathing01:05

Breathing

The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling, involves the coordinated movement of the chest wall, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. Two muscle groups with important roles in breathing are the diaphragm, located directly below the lungs, and the intercostal muscles, which lie between the ribs. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating more room for the lungs to expand. When the intercostal muscles contract, the ribs...
Other Pulmonary Disorders01:17

Other Pulmonary Disorders

Respiratory disorders encompass a range of conditions with varying levels of severity. Asthma, marked by chronic airway inflammation and hypersensitivity, is one such condition. It can lead to airway obstruction due to factors like bronchial spasms, mucosal edema, increased mucus secretion, or epithelial damage. Asthma triggers are diverse, ranging from allergens to emotional upset, and treatment focuses on both immediate relief through bronchodilators and long-term inflammation suppression.
Sleep-Wake Cycles01:24

Sleep-Wake Cycles

Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
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NREM sleep comprises four progressive stages that seamlessly merge:
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation II: ACLS Airway Management01:22

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation II: ACLS Airway Management

Airway management is a key skill in emergency and critical care settings, as maintaining a clear airway is essential for adequate oxygenation and ventilation.Head Tilt-Chin Lift TechniqueThe head tilt-chin lift maneuver is an essential technique primarily used in patients without suspected cervical spine injuries. To perform this maneuver, one hand is placed on the patient’s forehead, and gentle pressure is applied backward to tilt the head. The fingertips of the other hand are positioned under...
Pyloric Obstruction01:11

Pyloric Obstruction

Pyloric obstruction, also referred to as gastric outlet obstruction, is a condition characterized by narrowing or blockage at the pylorus—the muscular valve regulating the flow of stomach contents into the duodenum. When this passage becomes impaired, the stomach cannot effectively empty its contents into the small intestine. This disruption leads to a range of gastrointestinal symptoms, including early satiety, bloating, epigastric pain, postprandial nausea, persistent vomiting, and...
Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation01:17

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
07:54

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Published on: December 6, 2016

Obstructive sleep apnea in infants.

Eliot S Katz1, Ron B Mitchell, Carolyn M D'Ambrosio

  • 1Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. eliot.katz@childrens.harvard.edu

American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
|December 3, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Infant obstructive sleep apnea differs from adults due to unique infant anatomy and physiology. Early diagnosis and treatment targeting the specific cause are crucial for infant health and development.

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Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA) Placement in a Neonatal Patient Simulator Using a Non-Inflatable Supraglottic Airway (SGA)

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Last Updated: May 27, 2026

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
07:54

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

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Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA) Placement in a Neonatal Patient Simulator Using a Non-Inflatable Supraglottic Airway (SGA)
04:56

Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA) Placement in a Neonatal Patient Simulator Using a Non-Inflatable Supraglottic Airway (SGA)

Published on: July 14, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Sleep Medicine
  • Otolaryngology

Background:

  • Infants possess distinct anatomical and physiological factors predisposing them to airway obstruction and gas exchange issues.
  • Congenital airway abnormalities and other factors like neck flexion and reflux can exacerbate obstructive sleep apnea in infants.
  • Infant obstructive sleep apnea is linked to serious outcomes, including failure to thrive, behavioral issues, and sudden infant death.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the unique characteristics of obstructive sleep apnea in infants compared to older individuals.
  • To emphasize the importance of understanding infant-specific polysomnography data and diagnostic methods.
  • To outline the varied treatment approaches based on the underlying causes of infant obstructive sleep apnea.

Main Methods:

  • Review of infant-specific pathophysiology, natural history, and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea.
  • Discussion of anatomical predispositions (e.g., superior larynx) and physiological factors (e.g., V/Q mismatch).
  • Emphasis on diagnostic tools like polysomnography (with age-specific norms) and direct upper airway visualization.

Main Results:

  • Infants present with unique airway obstruction mechanisms and gas exchange abnormalities.
  • Various congenital and acquired factors contribute to the risk and severity of infant obstructive sleep apnea.
  • Specific treatments are tailored to the identified etiology, ranging from surgical interventions to reflux management.

Conclusions:

  • Obstructive sleep apnea in infants requires a specialized approach due to its unique presentation and potential complications.
  • Accurate diagnosis relies on age-appropriate polysomnography interpretation and direct airway assessment.
  • Effective management involves addressing the root cause, with diverse treatment options available.