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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
Explicit Memories01:27

Explicit Memories

Explicit memories, also known as declarative memories, are consciously remembered, recalled, and reported. Studying for a chemistry exam involves material that will become part of explicit memory. There are two types of explicit memory: episodic and semantic.
Episodic memory contains information about personally experienced events and is reported as a story. An example of episodic memory is recalling a birthday celebration. This type of memory includes the what, where, and when of an event, as...
Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
Implicit Memories01:24

Implicit Memories

Implicit memories, also known as non-declarative memories, are long-term memories that function outside of conscious awareness. These memories influence behavior and skills without explicit knowledge. This type of memory is evident in tasks like playing tennis, snowboarding, and texting. Implicit memory has three subsystems: procedural memory, conditioning, and priming. This type of memory is essential in various activities, from everyday tasks to specialized skills.
One key aspect of implicit...
Long-Term Memory01:18

Long-Term Memory

Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
Long-term memory can be categorized into two primary types: explicit and implicit memory. Explicit memory, also known as declarative memory, involves the conscious recollection of information that we deliberately try to remember, recall, and articulate. This type of memory encompasses specific facts, events, and...

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Olfactory Context Dependent Memory: Direct Presentation of Odorants
04:47

Olfactory Context Dependent Memory: Direct Presentation of Odorants

Published on: September 18, 2018

Implicit and explicit olfactory memory in people with and without Down syndrome.

Adam Johns1, Judi Homewood, Richard Stevenson

  • 1Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. adamdjohns@hotmail.com

Research in Developmental Disabilities
|December 6, 2011
PubMed
Summary

People with Down syndrome (DS) show intact implicit memory but significant deficits in explicit memory compared to controls. Executive function impairments may underlie these memory differences in DS.

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Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neurodevelopmental Disorders
  • Human Memory

Background:

  • Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic condition associated with cognitive impairments.
  • Understanding memory profiles in DS is crucial for targeted interventions.
  • Olfactory stimuli offer a unique modality for memory assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare implicit and explicit memory performance in individuals with Down syndrome (DS) against various control groups.
  • To investigate the role of executive functions in potential memory deficits observed in DS.
  • To utilize olfactory stimuli to examine memory processes in DS.

Main Methods:

  • Participants included individuals with Down syndrome (DS), siblings, mental-age matched children, and university undergraduates.
  • Implicit and explicit memory were assessed using olfactory stimuli.
  • Executive function was evaluated in DS and mental-age matched groups using two specific tasks.

Main Results:

  • Implicit memory for olfactory stimuli was evident across all groups.
  • Individuals with DS performed comparably to all control groups on implicit memory tasks.
  • People with DS demonstrated significantly poorer performance on explicit memory tasks compared to all control groups.

Conclusions:

  • Down syndrome is associated with a specific deficit in explicit memory, while implicit memory remains intact.
  • Impaired executive functioning in individuals with DS may contribute to their explicit memory deficits.
  • Olfactory memory tasks can differentiate explicit memory abilities in Down syndrome.