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Related Concept Videos

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved in...
¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
A broadband decoupling technique is used to simplify these complex, sometimes overlapping, signals. Broadband decoupling relies on a...
Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must have a...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin01:08

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin

All atomic particles possess an intrinsic angular momentum, or 'spin'. Electrons, protons, and neutrons each have a spin value of ½, although protons and neutrons in nuclei may have higher half-integer spins owing to energetic factors.
Atomic nuclei have a net nuclear spin, , which can have an integer or half-integer value. In atomic nuclei, the spins of protons are paired against each other but not with neutrons, and vice versa. Consequently, an even number of protons does not contribute to...
¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are slanted or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics
11:33

All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics

Published on: January 19, 2018

Electron spin coherence exceeding seconds in high-purity silicon.

Alexei M Tyryshkin1, Shinichi Tojo, John J L Morton

  • 1Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.

Nature Materials
|December 6, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Electron spins in pure silicon demonstrate exceptionally long coherence lifetimes, reaching up to 10 seconds. This breakthrough positions silicon as a leading material for solid-state quantum computing and quantum memories.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 27, 2026

All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics
11:33

All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics

Published on: January 19, 2018

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Probing C84-embedded Si Substrate Using Scanning Probe Microscopy and Molecular Dynamics
13:58

Probing C84-embedded Si Substrate Using Scanning Probe Microscopy and Molecular Dynamics

Published on: September 28, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Quantum Computing
  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

  • Silicon is a leading semiconductor material for spin-based quantum information processing.
  • High-fidelity quantum operations require long electron spin coherence times.
  • Achieving long coherence in solid-state systems is challenging compared to vacuum-based systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate electron spin coherence in highly purified silicon-28 (28Si).
  • To identify and characterize spin decoherence mechanisms in donor-doped silicon.
  • To determine the potential of silicon for quantum computing and quantum memory applications.

Main Methods:

  • Studied electron spin coherence of donors in isotopically purified 28Si (<50 ppm 29Si).
  • Investigated donor densities ranging from 10^14 to 10^15 cm^-3.
  • Analyzed decoherence mechanisms across different temperatures and applied magnetic field gradients.

Main Results:

  • Extracted electron spin coherence lifetimes (T2) up to 2 seconds at 1.8 K.
  • Identified three temperature-dependent spin decoherence mechanisms.
  • Observed sensitivity to interactions with neighboring donor electron spins (~200 nm separation).
  • Demonstrated an extrapolated T2 of 10 seconds with a magnetic field gradient, suppressing spin-spin interactions.

Conclusions:

  • Electron spins in pure silicon exhibit unprecedented coherence lifetimes in the solid state.
  • These lifetimes are comparable to those in isolated systems like trapped ions.
  • Donors in silicon are highly promising for developing robust quantum computers and quantum memories.