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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
Cryo-electron Microscopy01:28

Cryo-electron Microscopy

Conventional electron microscopy (EM) involves dehydration, fixation, and staining of biological samples, which distorts the native state of biological molecules and results in several artifacts. Also, the high-energy electron beam damages the sample and makes it difficult to obtain high-resolution images. These issues can be addressed using cryo-EM, which uses frozen samples and gentler electron beams. The technique was developed by Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank, and Richard Henderson, for...
Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer (INEPT)01:15

Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer (INEPT)

Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer (INEPT) is an advanced Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) technique specifically designed to detect and enhance the signals of low-abundance nuclei, such as carbon-13 and nitrogen-15, in small molecules. The fundamental principle behind INEPT is the transfer of polarization from a more abundant and highly polarizable nucleus, typically hydrogen-1, to the low-abundance nucleus of interest. This process effectively boosts the NMR signal of the...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor
10:00

Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor

Published on: November 11, 2013

Optical storage with electromagnetically induced transparency in a dense cold atomic ensemble.

Shanchao Zhang1, Shuyu Zhou, M M T Loy

  • 1Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.

Optics Letters
|December 6, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We studied optical data storage using electromagnetically induced transparency in cold rubidium-85 atoms. Optimal storage efficiency saturated at 50% for high optical depth, matching hot vapor cell results.

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Published on: February 6, 2014

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Last Updated: May 27, 2026

Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor
10:00

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Published on: November 11, 2013

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving
11:21

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving

Published on: March 30, 2017

Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets
07:45

Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets

Published on: February 6, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
  • Quantum Information Science
  • Laser Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) enables light storage.
  • Atomic ensembles are promising media for optical memory.
  • Previous studies explored EIT in hot atomic vapors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally investigate optical storage efficiency in a dense, cold (85)Rb atomic ensemble.
  • To determine the effect of optical depth (OD) on storage performance.
  • To compare results with those from hot vapor experiments.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a dense, cold ensemble of rubidium-85 atoms.
  • Implementing electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) for optical storage.
  • Systematically varying the optical depth (OD) from 0 to 140.

Main Results:

  • Observed a saturation of optimal storage efficiency at 50%.
  • This saturation was achieved at optical depths (OD) greater than 50.
  • Storage efficiency in cold atoms showed consistency with hot vapor cell experiments.

Conclusions:

  • Dense cold atomic ensembles provide effective media for optical data storage via EIT.
  • Optimal storage efficiency in this system saturates, indicating a limit.
  • The findings support the viability of cold atoms for optical memory applications and align with previous research in hot vapors.